scholarly journals Hormonal control of motivational circuitry orchestrates the transition to sexuality in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. eabg6926
Author(s):  
Stephen X. Zhang ◽  
Ethan H. Glantz ◽  
Lauren E. Miner ◽  
Dragana Rogulja ◽  
Michael A. Crickmore
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Neuronal Circuitry ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Circuit Elements ◽  
And Behavior

Newborns and hatchlings can perform incredibly sophisticated behaviors, but many animals abstain from sexual activity at the beginning of life. Hormonal changes have long been known to drive both physical and behavioral changes during adolescence, leading to the largely untested assumption that sexuality emerges from organizational changes to neuronal circuitry. We show that the transition to sexuality in male Drosophila is controlled by hormonal changes, but this regulation is functional rather than structural. In very young males, a broadly acting hormone directly inhibits the activity of three courtship-motivating circuit elements, ensuring the complete suppression of sexual motivation and behavior. Blocking or overriding these inhibitory mechanisms evokes immediate and robust sexual behavior from very young and otherwise asexual males. Similarities to mammalian adolescence suggest a general principle in which hormonal changes gate the transition to sexuality not by constructing new circuitry but by permitting activity in otherwise latent motivational circuit elements.

scholarly journals Hormonal control of motivational circuitry orchestrates the transition to sexuality in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen X. Zhang ◽  
Ethan H. Glantz ◽  
Dragana Rogulja ◽  
Michael A. Crickmore
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Circuit Elements ◽  
And Behavior

SUMMARYNewborns and hatchlings of many species perform incredibly sophisticated behaviors, but all vertebrates and many invertebrates selectively abstain from sexual activity at the beginning of life. Hormonal changes have long been associated with adolescence, but it is not clear how these circulating factors create a new motivation and drive its associated behaviors. We show that the transition to sexuality in male Drosophila is controlled by juvenile hormone, which spikes at eclosion and declines over days as the propensity for courtship gradually increases. Juvenile hormone directly inhibits the activity of at least three courtship-motivating circuit elements, ensuring the complete suppression of sexual motivation and behavior. Blocking or overriding these inhibitory mechanisms evokes immediate and robust sexual behavior from very young and otherwise asexual males. These results provide a first example of hormonal changes gating the transition to sexuality by activating latent, but largely developed and functional, motivational circuitry.

scholarly journals Exploring Farmers’ Reasons for Antibiotic Use and Misuse in Pig Farms in Brazil

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Rita Albernaz-Gonçalves ◽  
Gabriela Olmos ◽  
Maria José Hötzel
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Treatment Length ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
And Behavior

Stressful management that makes farmed pigs susceptible to infections is associated with high antibiotic use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). Pig farmers are key stakeholders to support the international agenda pushing AMU restrictions. We interviewed 58 pig farmers on AMU/AMR, biosecurity, veterinary assistance, disease prevention and treatment, aiming to understand practices and attitudes towards the AMU/AMR problem. Farmers described a reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease while neglecting biosecurity measures. We identified inappropriate AMU practices (high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, incorrect dosage or treatment length) and unrestricted access to antibiotics, which encouraged imprudent AMU. Nevertheless, most farmers considered this AMU legitimate to guarantee herd productivity and showed unpreparedness and resistance to changing AMU practices, perceiving limitations (economic, sanitary and inspection) more easily than alternatives to reduce AMU. Agro-industries and foreign markets were mentioned, and internal consumers dismissed as potential motivators for behavioral changes. Importantly, farmers’ economic, technical and social factors may limit their autonomy to change practices. We conclude that the observed distancing of pig farmers from the AMU/AMR problem limits the efficiency of policies aiming for a prudent AMU. Our study indicates a need for education, training and behavior change nudging that should include other stakeholders beyond farmers.

scholarly journals The olfactory secretome varies according to season in female sheep and goat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul CANN ◽  
Malika CHABI ◽  
Aliénor DELSART ◽  
Chrystelle LE DANVIC ◽  
Jean-Michel SALIOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Seasonal Breeding ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Post Translational Modifications

Abstract Abstract: Background : Small ungulates (sheep and goat) display a seasonal breeding, characterised by two successive periods, sexual activity (SA) and sexual rest (SR). Odours emitted by a sexually active male can reactivate the ovulation of anoestrus females. The plasticity of the olfactory system under these hormonal changes has never been explored at the peripheral level of odours reception. As it was shown in pig that the olfactory secretome (proteins secreted in the nasal mucus) could be modified under hormonal control, we monitored its composition in females of both species through several reproductive seasons, thanks to a non-invasive sampling of olfactory mucus. For this purpose, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-E), western-blot with specific antibodies, MALDI-TOF and high-resolution (nano-LC-MS/MS) mass spectrometry, RACE-PCR and molecular modelling were used. Results : In both species the olfactory secretome is composed of isoforms of OBP-like proteins, generated by post-translational modifications, as phosphorylation, N-glycosylation and O -GlcNAcylation. Important changes were observed in the olfactory secretome between the sexual rest and the sexual activity periods, characterised in ewe by the specific expression of SAL-like proteins and the emergence of OBPs O- GlcNAcylation. In goat, the differences between SA and SR did not come from new proteins expression, but from different post-translational modifications, the main difference between the SA and SR secretome being the number of isoforms of each protein. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014833. Conclusion : Despite common behaviour, seasonal breeding, and genetic resources, the two species seem to adapt their sensory equipment in SA by different modalities: the variation of olfactory secretome in ewe could correspond to a specialization to detect male odours only in SA, whereas in goat the stability of the olfactory secretome could indicate a constant capacity of odours detection suggesting that the hallmark of SA in goat might be the emission of specific odours by the sexually active male. In both species, the olfactory secretome is a phenotype reflecting the physiological status of females, and could be used by breeders to monitor their receptivity to the male effect.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Teori Behavioristik dan Konstruktifistik dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Raden Wijaya Mojokerto

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Akhmad Pandu Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
The Road ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Behaviorism learning theory is oriented towards results that can be measured and observed. Repetition and training used so that the desired behavior can become a habit. The expected results of the implementation of this behavioristic theory is the formation of a desired behavior. The desirable behavior gets positive reinforcement and behavior that is not appropriate awarded the negative. Evaluation or assessment based on observed behavior. In theory this learned professor was not much give a lecture, but the brief instruction is followed by examples by themselves or through simulation. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of the theory Behavioristic and konstruktifistik in learning activities at the School of Raden Wijaya Tarbiyah Mojokerto. Behavioristic learning theory emphasizes the changes in behavior as well as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. Learning is a process of behavioral changes as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. A person is considered to have learned if he could show changes in behavior. Although learning theory tigkah behavior began to be abandoned century, but collaborate on this theory with cognitive learning theory and the theory of other learning is essential for creating a learning approach that is appropriate and effective, because basically there is no single theory of learning that is truly suited to creating a learning approaches and effective fit. especially with constructivism learning model. The role of the faculty in constructivist learning very demanding mastery of a broad and in-depth about the material taught. A broad and deep knowledge allow a lecturer accept different views and ideas of students and also makes it possible to indicate whether or not the idea of ​​the road. Mastery of the material allows a professor to understand all kinds of roads and the model to arrive at a solution to the problem without fixed on one model.

scholarly journals Comparative metagenomic analysis following treatment with vancomycin in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to elucidate host immunity and behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratikshya Ray ◽  
Debasmita Das ◽  
Uday Pandey ◽  
Palok Aich
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe gut is the largest reservoir of the resident microbiota. The microbiota can affect the host behavior and immunity. While the consequence of treatment with antibiotics on the gut microbiota can be destructive but can be utilized as a tool to understand the host immunity and behavior. The magnitude of perturbation and time needed for the restoration of gut microbiota can depend on the immune bias of the host. In the current study, we therefore, observed the perturbation and restoration kinetics of gut microbiota following treatment with vancomycin and its effect on the host physiology in both Th1-(C57BL/6) and Th2-(BALB/c) biased mice. A comparative metagenomic analysis revealed that the treatment with vancomycin caused a significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and an initial increase in Proteobacteria. Increase in Proteobacteria decreased with continued treatment with vancomycin to result into a significant rise in Verrucomicrobia phylum. We established the patterns of gut microbiota alteration and its effect on a) the behavior of mice, b) expression of key brain molecules and b) immunity related genes. We followed the gut microbiome restoration for a period of two months following withdrawal of treatment with vancomycin. Maximum restoration (>70%) of gut microbiota happened by the 15th day of withdrawal. BALB/c mice showed a more efficient restoration of gut microbiota compared to C57BL/6 mice. The results, in general, revealed that along with the restoration of major gut microbes, important physiological and behavioral changes of both mice strains returned to the normal level.

Behavioral Effects of Prenatal and Adult Exposure To Toxic Chemicals Found in Lake Ontario Fish: Two Methodological Approaches

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Daly ◽  
Thomas Darvill ◽  
Edward Lonky ◽  
Jacqueline Reihman ◽  
David Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
To Receive

Two research approaches are described that were used to determine behavioral changes following a diet of Lake Ontario fish. Approach 1 involved the correlational method, in which human subjects voluntarily ate contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Demographic information, data on the amount of Lake Ontario fish consumed, and control variables were obtained during an interview. Respondents' behavior, as well as the behavior of their children, then was measured. Because subjects were not assigned randomly to eat or not eat Lake Ontario fish, other variables that might have influenced both consumption of fish and behavior had to be considered. Therefore, confounding variables were measured and their influence controlled for using statistical techniques. Approach 2 involved the experimental method using laboratory rats, where subjects were assigned randomly to receive a diet of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario salmon, relatively uncontaminated Pacific Ocean salmon, or no salmon. Since the rats fed Lake Ontario salmon behaved differently than the other two groups on nine tasks, it was concluded that the contaminants in Lake Ontario salmon caused behavioral changes. Random assignment of subjects to groups eliminated competing explanations. If similar behavioral (e.g., emotional or cognitive) results were obtained using the two approaches, then the results utilizing rats probably could be generalized to humans, and the correlational results found in humans probably were due to a cause and effect relationship.

Hormones in Salmon

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-48
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine System ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Hormones are important signaling molecules produced and secreted in the endocrine system that show interesting close similarities between humans and salmon. They are transported to target organs where they bind to their receptors and control physiological regulation and behavioral activity to maintain homeostasis via feedback mechanisms. Various hormones control freshwater and seawater adaptations to maintain water and salt balances. The juvenile imprinting migration and adult homing migration of salmon are mainly controlled by the brain (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)-pituitary (thyrotropin)-thyroid (thyroid hormones) axis and the brain (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)-pituitary (gonadotropin)-gonad (steroid hormones) axis, respectively. This chapter describes hormone species and actions, hormonal control of freshwater and seawater adaptations, and hormonal changes during juvenile imprinting migration and adult homing migration in salmon.

Beyond supervised therapy: Promoting behavioral changes in people with MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379-1386
Author(s):  
Matthew Plow ◽  
Marcia Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Change Strategies ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Behavior Change Wheel ◽  
Delivery Format ◽  
Behavior Change Technique ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Training

A critical aspect of many rehabilitation interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is incorporating strategies that support behavior change. The main purpose of this topical review was to summarize recent randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of rehabilitation interventions in which participants learn and apply skills or engage in healthy behaviors. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework was used to broadly classify behavior-change strategies. The included RCTs varied widely in terms of dosing, delivery format, and types of interventionist. Commonly used behavior-change strategies include education, persuasion, and training. We recommend that researchers and clinicians use frameworks like Behavior Change Wheel and Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy to describe and classify intervention strategies used to promote behavior change. We also recommend more sophisticated RCTs be conducted (e.g. sequential multiple assignment randomized trial and three-arm RCTs) to better understand ways of promoting behavior change in rehabilitation interventions.

scholarly journals Neural and Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly J Jennings ◽  
Luis de Lecea
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Neural Patterning ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Gonadal hormones contribute to the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior throughout the lifespan, from initial neural patterning to “activation” of adult circuits. Sexual behavior is an ideal system in which to investigate the mechanisms underlying hormonal activation of neural circuits. Sexual behavior is a hormonally regulated, innate social behavior found across species. Although both sexes seek out and engage in sexual behavior, the specific actions involved in mating are sexually dimorphic. Thus, the neural circuits mediating sexual motivation and behavior in males and females are overlapping yet distinct. Furthermore, sexual behavior is strongly dependent on circulating gonadal hormones in both sexes. There has been significant recent progress on elucidating how gonadal hormones modulate physiological properties within sexual behavior circuits with consequences for behavior. Therefore, in this mini-review we review the neural circuits of male and female sexual motivation and behavior, from initial sensory detection of pheromones to the extended amygdala and on to medial hypothalamic nuclei and reward systems. We also discuss how gonadal hormones impact the physiology and functioning of each node within these circuits. By better understanding the myriad of ways in which gonadal hormones impact sexual behavior circuits, we can gain a richer and more complete appreciation for the neural substrates of complex behavior.

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