What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 364 (6438) ◽  
pp. eaav3506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil De Luna ◽  
Christopher Hahn ◽  
Drew Higgins ◽  
Shaffiq A. Jaffer ◽  
Thomas F. Jaramillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Economic Barriers ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into chemical feedstocks offers the potential to reduce carbon emissions by shifting the chemical industry away from fossil fuel dependence. We provide a technoeconomic and carbon emission analysis of possible products, offering targets that would need to be met for economically compelling industrial implementation to be achieved. We also provide a comparison of the projected costs and CO2 emissions across electrocatalytic, biocatalytic, and fossil fuel–derived production of chemical feedstocks. We find that for electrosynthesis to become competitive with fossil fuel–derived feedstocks, electrical-to-chemical conversion efficiencies need to reach at least 60%, and renewable electricity prices need to fall below 4 cents per kilowatt-hour. We discuss the possibility of combining electro- and biocatalytic processes, using sequential upgrading of CO2 as a representative case. We describe the technical challenges and economic barriers to marketable electrosynthesized chemicals.Science, this issue p. eaav3506

Can Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis Pathways Compete with Fossil-fuel Based Haber-Bosch Processes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
M. A. Khan ◽  
Imtinan Mohsin ◽  
Joshua Wicks ◽  
Alexander H. Ip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Sustainable Fuels

As renewable electricity prices continue to diminish, interest grows in alternative routes for the synthesis of sustainable fuels and chemicals, including ammonia. Considering demand for fertilizers, as well as for...

Carbon Emission Analysis of Electrical Machines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuebei Zhang ◽  
Zeyuan Xu ◽  
Chris Gerada ◽  
David Gerada
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Emission Analysis

Analyzing the impact of fossil fuel import reliance on electricity prices: The case of the Iberian Electricity Market

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 687-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Moreno ◽  
María T García-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Spain and Portugal are highly dependent on energy from abroad, importing more than 70% of all the energy they consume. This high energy dependence could involve important effects on the level and stability of their electricity prices as a half the gross electricity generated in both countries came from power stations using imported combustible fuels (such as natural gas, coal and oil). In general, changes in the prices of these fossil fuels can directly affect household electricity prices, since generation costs are likely to be transmitted through to the wholesale electricity market. Moreover, in the framework of the European Union Emission Trading System, electricity production technologies tend to incorporate their costs of carbon dioxide emission allowances in sale offers with the consequent increase of the electricity prices. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of fossil fuel costs and prices of carbon dioxide emission allowances in the EU on the Spanish and Portuguese electricity prices. With this aim, a maximum entropy econometric approach is used. The obtained results indicate that not only the price of imported gas are very important in explaining Spanish and Portuguese electricity prices but also the price of carbon dioxide emission allowances in the EU.

scholarly journals Operational Lifecycle Carbon Value of Bus Electrification in Macau

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3784
Author(s):  
Xinkuo Xu ◽  
Liyan Han
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Emission Coefficient ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
New Perspective

The economic value of carbon emission reduction in the electrification of buses is of concern in practical and academic fields. The aim of this paper, which focuses on direct and indirect carbon emissions, is to study the economic value of the carbon emission reduction of bus electrification in an operational lifecycle carbon footprint, with the empirical data sourced from the bus electrification in Macau. First, it proposes the methodology to evaluate the operational lifecycle carbon value of bus electrification (OLCVBE). Second, it analyses the distinct impacts of internal determinants on OLCVBE. Third, it discusses the determinants’ characteristics for OLCVBE. The results indicate that (1) OLCVBE may be a carbon debt, but it is not a carbon asset in some situations; (2) OLCVBE is determined by the carbon emission coefficients of both electric power and fossil fuel, buses’ electric or fossil fuel consumption levels, buses’ terminations, carbon price and discounted rate; and (3) as a comparison, electric power’s embedded carbon emission coefficient has the biggest impact on OLCVBE, then carbon price and the electric consumption have the second or third biggest impacts, and the annual driving distance of buses has relative less impact. This paper provides a new perspective to study the economic and environmental effects of bus electrification.

Performance and Emission Test of Different Mixtures of Oils with Diesel Using Twin Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 751-755
Author(s):  
P. Vithya ◽  
V. Logesh
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Camphor Oil

The use of fossil fuel is increasing drastically due to its consumption in all consumer activities. The utility of fossil fuel depleted its existence, degraded the environment and led to reduction in underground carbon resources. Hence the search for alternative fuels is paying attention for making sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. The worldwide reduction of underground carbon resources can be substituted by the bio-fuels. The researchers around the world are finding the alternate fuel that should have the least impact on the environment degradation. This paper aims at finding an alternative for diesel and reducing the pressure on its existing demand. This study aimed at using two types of oil mixtures namely cashew nut shell oil and camphor oil mixed with diesel, turpentine oil mixed with diesel in different proportions as fuel in twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Performance and emission analysis have been performed by using exhaust gas analyzer in the oil samples. It was observed that 40% cashew nut shell oil and 10%camphor oil mixed with 50% diesel, 50% turpentine oil mixed with 50% diesel shows the better engine performance and also less emissions.

scholarly journals Literature Review of Renewable Energy Policies and Impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Safwat Kabel ◽  
Mohga Bassim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Renewable Portfolio Standard ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Methodological Approaches

By 2017, 128 countries have adopted renewable energy support policies, compared to just 48 countries in 2005. These policies played a crucial role in helping countries to shift from conventional energy to renewable energy by overcoming the barriers facing the development of renewable energy. This paper reviews the studies, which outlined the policies used by different governments to support the development of renewable energy, which includes: Tax incentives, Loans, Feed-in tariff, and Renewable portfolio standard. The literature review covers different studies that examined the impacts of renewable energy on economic growth, job creation, welfare, CO2 emissions, electricity prices, and fuel imports. Researches have used different methodological approaches, different periods, and different countries to examine the impacts of renewable energy. The studies found that the policies used were essential to shift to renewable energy substantially reduced carbon emission, and the majority concluded that renewable energy has a positive correlation with economic growth, job creation and welfare

Impact of fossil fuel prices on electricity prices in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bernal ◽  
Juan Carlos Molero ◽  
Fernando Perez De Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Electricity Rates ◽  
Domestic Electricity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of fossil fuel prices – crude oil, natural gas and coal – on different electricity prices in Mexico. The use of alternative variables for electricity price helps to increase the robustness of the analysis in comparison to previous empirical studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors use an unrestricted vector autoregressive model and the sample covers the period January 2006 to January 2016. Findings Empirical findings suggest that crude oil, natural gas and coal prices have a significant positive impact on electricity prices – domestic electricity rates – in Mexico in the short run. Furthermore, crude oil and natural gas prices have also a significant positive impact on electricity prices – commercial and industrial electricity rates. Originality/value Two are the main contributions. First, this paper explores the nexus among crude oil, natural gas, coal and electricity prices in Mexico, while previous studies focus on the US, UK and some European economies. Second, instead of using one electricity price as a reference of national or domestic electricity sector, the analysis considers alternative Mexican electricity prices.

scholarly journals What Fraction of the Electrical Energy Produced in a Hybrid Solar-Fossil Power Plant Should Qualify as ‘Renewable Electricity’?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Iora ◽  
Ahmed F. Ghoniem ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Allocation Method ◽  
Variable Nature

Hybrid power production facilities, based on the integration of renewable resources into conventional fossil-fuel-fired power plants have gained a growing interest during the past decades due to a world-wide continuous increase of shares of the renewable sources into the electricity generation market. In fact, in spite of the variable nature of most of the renewable sources, the hybrid configuration may provide a more economic, sustainable, and reliable use of the renewables in all load-demand conditions compared to renewable single-resource facilities. Nonetheless, the question of what fraction of the electricity produced in such facilities is to be considered as generated from renewables, still remains not fully addressed. This implies that there is space for some arbitrariness in the quantification of the share of the produced electricity to be qualified for the subsidies granted to renewable electricity, as normally prescribed by most of the policies that promote the applications of renewable primary energy resources. To overcome this problem, in this work we first define the classical Single-Resource Separate-Production Reference allocation method (SRSPR) usually considered by the regulators which is based on reference partial primary energy factors that must be chosen by some authority as representative of the performance of the (best available or representative average single-resource) power production technologies that use the same renewable resource and the same fossil fuel as the hybrid facility. Then we propose a Self-Tuned Average-Local-Productions Reference allocation method (STLAPR) whereby the electricity allocation fractions are based on the energy scenario of the local area of interest that includes the hybrid plant itself. We compare the two methods for a case study consisting on the renewable-to-fossil allocation of the power produced in an Solar-Integrated Combined-Cycle System (SICCS) with parabolic trough solar field. It turns out that the differences between the classical SRSPR and the STLAPR method become significant as the hybrid facilities take on a sizable fraction of the production of electricity in the local area.

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