Scientific Methods and Scientific Knowledge in Common Affairs

Science ◽  
1884 ◽  
Vol ns-4 (84) ◽  
pp. 246-248
Author(s):  
John Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Methods

scholarly journals Landscape as an expression of cultural identity and its interpretation as an art form

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Pavel Kostrhun
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Human Intention

The essay elaborates the thesis that reality, in its universality, cannot be captured by descriptive scientific methods. Whatever we see as reality is conditioned by human intention and subject to historical and temporal circumstances. The text suggests the possibility that our landscape awareness could be extended to include the artistic reflection, focusing on objects whose structure is seemingly less clear and graspable, and preferring thinking more abstract than contextual. Despite the progress in, and the extent of, scientific knowledge – or because of it – we realize that such knowledge has its limits, presupposed and insurmountable. One of the meanings of a valuable work of art – a result of the cognitive process of its own kind – is that it gives us an information more or less accurate on something that is beyond our practical and theoretical experience, something elusive and yet existing. A possibility is also suggested that through artistic exploration and understanding of the landscape, a nation’s cultural identity can manifest itself.

Goals of Science Education in the Tertiary Level: Assessment of the College of Science Faculty, University of Eastern Philippines

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marliza E. Rubenecia
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Science Faculty ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The study determined the knowledge of the College of Science faculty on the goals of science education, the importance of each goal as perceived by the faculty, how often each goal is used and operationalized for teaching/learning purposes. The results revealed that teachers’ level of knowledge on the science goals and objectives was minimal. The faculty perceived scientific knowledge and methods very important and used it frequently in teaching. They used lecture for students to acquire scientific knowledge and laboratory activities to develop scientific methods. They did not know how to operationalize societal issues, personal needs, and career awareness when teaching their subject matter. The problems that prevent them from pursuing the goals were lack of instructional materials, lack of interest and negative attitude of students, lack of facilities, and knowledge in handling laboratory apparatus. Teachers do not utilize strategies that can facilitate the students’ construction of meaning and ideas.

Scientific method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Instrument Making ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Body Of Knowledge

Procedures for attaining scientific knowledge are known as scientific methods. These methods include formulating theories and testing them against observation or experiment. Ancient and medieval thinkers called any systematic body of knowledge a ‘science’, and their methods were aimed at knowledge in general. According to the most common model for scientific knowledge, formulated by Aristotle, induction yields universal propositions from which all knowledge in a field can be deduced. This model was refined by medieval and early modern thinkers, and further developed in the nineteenth century by Whewell and Mill. As Kuhn observed, idealized accounts of scientific method must be distinguished from descriptions of what scientists actually do. The methods of careful observation and experiment have been in use from antiquity, but became more widespread after the seventeenth century. Developments in instrument making, in mathematics and statistics, in terminology, and in communication technology have altered the methods and the results of science.

scholarly journals Scientific method as the foundation of scientific research

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Anita Kovačić-Popović
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Data Collection Method ◽  
General Scientific

The methodology deals with the methods of acquiring scientific knowledge, i.e. all aspects of scientific research as a method of gaining scientific knowledge about phenomena and processes. Scientific method enables gaining scientific knowledge by applying a series of principles, rules and procedures. Every research includes several general scientific methods. Hypothetical-deductive scientific method of acquiring knowledge and modeling method characterize empirical research, while comparative and analytical-deductive methods are applied in theoretical research. It is impossible to carry out research without a data collection method. Therefore, it is necessary to precisely define the methods, techniques and instruments that will be applied in research to gain new scientific knowledge.

scholarly journals Investigation of Crimes Committed By Members of Youth Informal Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (29) ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Mikhail Larkin ◽  
Olexandr Dudorov ◽  
Yuliia Pyrozhkova ◽  
Kateryna Dudorova ◽  
Alina Biryukova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Informal Groups

The deterioration of the criminal situation in Ukraine makes it necessary to intensify the work of law enforcement agencies to combat crime. In particular, there is a need to improve the investigation methods of certain types of crimes. This category of crimes includes crimes committed by members of youth informal groups.The object of the study was public relations in the field of investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups. As a result of the study, the features of proposing a version of the involvement of members of a youth informal group in criminal activity are considered. Initial investigative (search) actions are determined, which serve as the basis for verifying the indicated version. When working on the article, special literature was analyzed devoted to the study of various aspects of the activities of youth informal groups, criminal associations, the fight against crime, the investigation of group crimes, etc.In addition, such scientific methods as observation, analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used. The authors used a combination of methods of scientific knowledge, which together allowed them to achieve the stated results of the study. Among other, the methods of analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, generalization method were used.The empirical basis of the study was the materials of the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups and associations.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Generation of Novel Scientific Knowledge in a Dangerous Time.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Perillat ◽  
Brian Baigrie
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Study Designs

Rationale, Aims and Objectives: One of the sectors challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic is medical research. COVID-19 originates from a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the scientific community is faced with the daunting task of creating a novel model for this pandemic or, in other words, creating novel science. This paper aims to explore the intricate relationship between the different challenges that have hindered biomedical research and the generation of scientific knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: During the early stages of the pandemic, research conducted on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was chaotic and sparked several heated debates with respect to the scientific methods used and the quality of knowledge generated. Research on HCQ is used as a case study in this paper. The authors explored biomedical databases, peer-reviewed journals, pre-print servers and media articles to identify relevant literature on HCQ and COVID-19, and examined philosophical perspectives on medical research in the context of this pandemic and previous global health challenges. Results: This paper demonstrates that a lack of prioritization among research questions and therapeutics was responsible for the duplication of clinical trials and the dispersion of precious resources. Study designs, aimed at minimizing biases and increasing objectivity, were, instead, the subject of fruitless oppositions. These two issues combined resulted in the generation of fleeting and inconsistent evidence that complicated the development of public health guidelines. The reporting of scientific findings highlighted the difficulty of finding a balance between accuracy and speed. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges in terms of (1) finding and prioritizing relevant research questions, (2) choosing study designs that are appropriate for a time of emergency, (3) evaluating evidence for the purpose of making evidence-based decisions and (4) sharing scientific findings with the rest of the scientific community. This paper demonstrates that these challenges have often compounded each other.

Overcoming the identity of claims when re-applying to the court in civil cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
Anna V. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
The Subject

The work is devoted to the actual problem of repeated consideration by courts of general jurisdiction of similar disputes contrary to the principles of procedural economy and legal certainty. The main scientific methods are used: the dialectical-materialistic method of scientific knowledge, the formal-logical method, the method of analysis and synthesis. We subject the elements of the claim to scientific analysis as a means of its individualization. We examines in detail the views of scientists on the subject of the claim, the actual and legal basis of the claim, the parties and the content of the claim as objects of individualization of claims when establishing their identity. Close attention is paid to the use of alternative grounds of claim in disputes arising from ongoing legal relations. We study the ways of artificially changing the new claim in order to overcome the validity of the court decision made on the original claim. We formulate a proposal for a temporary restriction on the filing of new claims in disputes characterized by continuing legal relations, and also justifies the expediency of introducing the concept of “actual identity” of claims into scientific circulation. In conclusion, we mark the dishonest methods of overcoming of identity claims, among which manipulation of the legitimation of the parties to the dispute, interpretation existed at the time of consideration of the initial claim of the circumstances of the case as a new cause of action, the formal change of the plaintiff.

scholarly journals Transformations of the Right to Health Care Content, and its Connection with the Right to Biotechnology

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.26) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Alsu M. Khurmatullina ◽  
Rimma R. Amirova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Patent Analysis ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Right To Health Care ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right

The paper updates the concept and the content of the constitutional right of a person and citizen. The concept of "biotechnology" is emphasized. The possibility of applying the methods of patent analysis to study the state of biotechnology is discussed.The results of the study are based on the use of the following methods: a universal dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as general scientific methods based on it (description, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, analogy, generalization) and specific scientific methods (comparative legal, system-structural and formal legal).  

About judicial protection of subjective civil rights

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Yury N. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Optimal Ratio ◽  
The Right ◽  
Judicial Protection ◽  
Subjective Rights

The article is devoted to the judicial protection of subjective civil rights. The author tries to formulate the concepts of subjective civil rights and the judicial protection of subjective civil rights to determine the ratio of subjective civil rights and the right to judicial protection as well as the judicial protection features of various subjective civil rights categories. The paper presents the authors conception of subjective rights, the various ways by which they are protected, and the features of the protection of certain types of subjective civil rights. The aim of the research is to find the most optimal ratio of the right of subjective rights owner to protection and the right of subjective right for protection, in order to determine the most typical ways to protect certain categories of subjective civil rights. The methodological basis of the research includes the well-known general and private scientific methods of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes by stating that subjective civil rights have general (universal) and specific ways of protection.

The Scientific Methods of Biology, Starting with Charles Darwin

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Cristina Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Instructional Framework ◽  
The Past

The choice of the scientific method to be used depends on the question to be investigated, the type of study being performed, and the maturity of the particular subdiscipline. I review the scientific methods frequently used in biology since Darwin, the aspects of the nature of science relevant for teaching and learning about evolution, and some recent studies that tested the theory of evolution and some of its features. I also present some guidelines for teachers, within an inquiry-based instructional framework, to facilitate students’ understanding that hypothesis-driven and observation-driven studies are equally important and responsible for the advancement of scientific knowledge in the field of biology, both in the past and in the present.

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