scholarly journals Characterization of Tn3000, a Transposon Responsible forblaNDM-1Dissemination among Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil, Nepal, Morocco, and India

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 7387-7395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Coutinho Campos ◽  
Maria José Félix da Silva ◽  
Paulo Roberto Nascimento dos Santos ◽  
Elaine Menezes Barros ◽  
Mayne de Oliveira Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Swab Sample ◽  
Illumina Platform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Enterobacter Hormaechei ◽  
Travel Abroad ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
Different Parts

ABSTRACTInEnterobacteriaceae, theblaNDMgenes have been found in many different genetic contexts, and a wide diversity of plasmid scaffolds bearing those genes has been found. In August 2013, we identified NDM-1-producingEscherichia coliandEnterobacter hormaecheistrains from a single rectal swab sample from a patient hospitalized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who had no history of travel abroad. Complete DNA sequencing using the Illumina platform and annotation of the two plasmids harboring theblaNDM-1gene, one from each strain, showed that they belonged to incompatibility groups IncFIIKand IncX3 and harbored a novel transposon named Tn3000. Similar genetic structures have been identified among other isolates in Brazil but also on plasmids from other continents. Our findings suggest that theblaNDM-1gene may be transmitted by Tn3000in different parts of the world.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of IMP-1-Producing Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolates in Tokyo

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Aoki ◽  
Sohei Harada ◽  
Koji Yahara ◽  
Yoshikazu Ishii ◽  
Daisuke Motooka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Enterobacter Hormaechei ◽  
Clade 1 ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT Although KPC enzymes are most common among carbapenemases produced by Enterobacter cloacae complex globally, the epidemiology varies from one country to another. While previous studies have suggested that IMP enzymes are most common in Japan, detailed analysis has been scarce thus far. Here, we carried out a molecular epidemiological study and plasmid analysis of IMP-1-producing E. cloacae complex isolates collected from three hospitals in central Tokyo using whole-genome sequencing. Seventy-one isolates were classified into several sequence types (STs), and 49 isolates were identified as Enterobacter hormaechei ST78. Isolates of ST78 were divided into three clades by core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic analysis. Whereas isolates of clade 3 were isolated from only one hospital, isolates of clade 1 and 2 were identified from multiple hospitals. Ten of 12 clade 1 isolates and 1 of 4 clade 2 isolates carried bla IMP-1 on IncHI2 plasmids, with high similarity of genetic structures. In addition, these plasmids shared backbone structures with IncHI2 plasmids carrying bla IMP reported from other countries of the Asia-Pacific region. All isolates of clade 3 except one carried bla IMP-1 in In1426 on IncW plasmids. An isolate of clade 3, which lacked IncW plasmids, carried bla IMP-1 in In1426 on an IncFIB plasmid. These observations suggest that IMP-producing E. cloacae complex isolates with a diversity of host genomic backgrounds have spread in central Tokyo, and they indicate the possible contribution of IncHI2 plasmids toward this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Akhmeta Virus from Wild-Caught Rodents (Apodemus spp.) in Georgia

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Doty ◽  
Giorgi Maghlakelidze ◽  
Irakli Sikharulidze ◽  
Shin-Lin Tu ◽  
Clint N. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT In 2013, a novel orthopoxvirus was detected in skin lesions of two cattle herders from the Kakheti region of Georgia (country); this virus was named Akhmeta virus. Subsequent investigation of these cases revealed that small mammals in the area had serological evidence of orthopoxvirus infections, suggesting their involvement in the maintenance of these viruses in nature. In October 2015, we began a longitudinal study assessing the natural history of orthopoxviruses in Georgia. As part of this effort, we trapped small mammals near Akhmeta (n = 176) and Gudauri (n = 110). Here, we describe the isolation and molecular characterization of Akhmeta virus from lesion material and pooled heart and lung samples collected from five wood mice (Apodemus uralensis and Apodemus flavicollis) in these two locations. The genomes of Akhmeta virus obtained from rodents group into 2 clades: one clade represented by viruses isolated from A. uralensis samples, and one clade represented by viruses isolated from A. flavicollis samples. These genomes also display several presumptive recombination events for which gene truncation and identity have been examined. IMPORTANCE Akhmeta virus is a unique Orthopoxvirus that was described in 2013 from the country of Georgia. This paper presents the first isolation of this virus from small mammal (Rodentia; Apodemus spp.) samples and the molecular characterization of those isolates. The identification of the virus in small mammals is an essential component to understanding the natural history of this virus and its transmission to human populations and could guide public health interventions in Georgia. Akhmeta virus genomes harbor evidence suggestive of recombination with a variety of other orthopoxviruses; this has implications for the evolution of orthopoxviruses, their ability to infect mammalian hosts, and their ability to adapt to novel host species.

scholarly journals Detection of Five mcr-9-Carrying Enterobacterales Isolates in Four Czech Hospitals

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Bitar ◽  
Costas C. Papagiannitsis ◽  
Lucie Kraftova ◽  
Katerina Chudejova ◽  
Vittoria Mattioni Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Mobile Elements ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Enterobacter Hormaechei ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to report the characterization of the first mcr-positive Enterobacterales isolated from Czech hospitals. In 2019, one Citrobacter freundii and four Enterobacter isolates were recovered from Czech hospitals. The production of carbapenemases was examined by a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) imipenem hydrolysis assay. Additionally, bacteria were screened for the presence of carbapenemase-encoding genes and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes by PCR. To define the genetic units carrying mcr genes, the genomic DNAs of mcr-carrying clinical isolates were sequenced on the PacBio Sequel I platform. Results showed that all isolates carried blaVIM- and mcr-like genes. Analysis of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data revealed that all isolates carried mcr-9-like alleles. Furthermore, the three sequence type 106 (ST106) Enterobacter hormaechei isolates harbored the blaVIM-1 gene, while the ST764 E. hormaechei and ST95 C. freundii included blaVIM-4. Analysis of plasmid sequences showed that, in all isolates, mcr-9 was carried on IncHI2 plasmids. Additionally, at least one multidrug resistance (MDR) region was identified in each mcr-9-carrying IncHI2 plasmid. The blaVIM-4 gene was found in the MDR regions of p48880_MCR_VIM and p51929_MCR_VIM. In the three remaining isolates, blaVIM-1 was localized on plasmids (∼55 kb) exhibiting repA-like sequences 99% identical to the respective gene of pKPC-CAV1193. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, these 5 isolates were the first mcr-9-positive bacteria of clinical origin identified in the Czech Republic. Additionally, the carriage of the blaVIM-1 on pKPC-CAV1193-like plasmids is described for the first time. Thus, our findings underline the ongoing evolution of mobile elements implicated in the dissemination of clinically important resistance determinants. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing bacteria have led to the revival of polymyxins as the “last-resort” antibiotic. Since 2016, several reports describing the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes, mcr, in different host species and geographic areas were published. Here, we report the first detection of Enterobacterales carrying mcr-9-like alleles isolated from Czech hospitals in 2019. Furthermore, the three ST106 Enterobacter hormaechei isolates harbored blaVIM-1, while the ST764 E. hormaechei and ST95 Citrobacter freundii isolates included blaVIM-4. Analysis of WGS data showed that, in all isolates, mcr-9 was carried on IncHI2 plasmids. blaVIM-4 was found in the MDR regions of IncHI2 plasmids, while blaVIM-1 was localized on pKPC-CAV1193-like plasmids, described here for the first time. These findings underline the ongoing evolution of mobile elements implicated in dissemination of clinically important resistance determinants. Thus, WGS characterization of MDR bacteria is crucial to unravel the mechanisms involved in dissemination of resistance mechanisms.

scholarly journals First Report of blaVIM-4- and mcr-9-Coharboring Enterobacter Species Isolated from a Pediatric Patient

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan D. Chavda ◽  
Lars F. Westblade ◽  
Michael J. Satlin ◽  
Andrew C. Hemmert ◽  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pediatric Patient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Report ◽  
Insertion Elements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Enterobacter Hormaechei

ABSTRACT An Enterobacter hormaechei isolate harboring blaVIM-4 and mcr-9 was recovered from a pediatric patient in a U.S. hospital. The blaVIM-4 and mcr-9 genes are carried on the same IncH12 plasmid, pME-1a. The isolate tested susceptible to colistin, without observed induction of colistin resistance. The mcr-9 gene is located between two insertion elements, IS903 and IS1, but lacks the downstream regulatory genes (qseC and qseB) found in other isolates that harbor mcr-9. IMPORTANCE We describe the complete genome assembly and sequence of a clinical Enterobacter isolate harboring both blaVIM-4 and mcr-9 recovered from a pediatric patient in the United States with a history of travel to Egypt. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an Enterobacter isolate harboring both blaVIM-4 and mcr-9 from the United States. The blaVIM-4 and mcr-9 genes are carried on the same IncH12 plasmid, pME-1a. The isolate tested susceptible to colistin, without observed induction of colistin resistance. The mcr-9 gene is located between two insertion elements, IS903 and IS1, but lacks the downstream regulatory genes (qseC and qseB) found in other isolates that harbor mcr-9.

scholarly journals Dientamoeba fragilis, a Commensal in Children in Danish Day Care Centers

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1707-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pikka Jokelainen ◽  
Betina Hebbelstrup Jensen ◽  
Bente Utoft Andreassen ◽  
Andreas Munk Petersen ◽  
Dennis Röser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dientamoeba Fragilis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Abroad

ABSTRACT Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoan of debated clinical significance. Here, we present cross-sectional and longitudinal observations on D. fragilis in children aged 0 to 6 years from a 1-year multi-day-care-center cohort study set in Copenhagen, Denmark. The inclusion period for the cohort was 2009 through 2012. Stool samples collected from the children were accompanied by questionnaires completed by the parents or guardians of the children. Using real-time PCR, D. fragilis was detected in the first stool sample from 97 of 142 (68.3%) children. We evaluated the associations between seven plausible risk factors (age, sex, having siblings, having domestic animals at home, having had infant colic, recent history of intake of antibiotics, and recent history of travel abroad) as well as six reported symptoms (lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea) and testing positive for D. fragilis . The final multivariable model identified being >3 years old and having a history of recent travel abroad as risk factors for testing positive for D. fragilis . Moreover, univariable analyses indicated that having siblings was a risk factor. There was no statistical association between a recent history of gastrointestinal symptoms and testing positive for D. fragilis . Among the 108 children who were represented by ≥2 samples and thus included in the longitudinal analysis, 32 tested negative on the first sample and positive later, and the last sample from each of the 108 children was positive. The results are in support of D. fragilis being a common enteric commensal in this population.

scholarly journals Molecular and Epidemiological Review of Toxigenic Diphtheria Infections in England between 2007 and 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Both ◽  
Sarah Collins ◽  
Aruni de Zoysa ◽  
Joanne White ◽  
Sema Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Corynebacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Phenotypic Methods ◽  
Travel Abroad ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sequence Types

Human infections caused by toxigenic corynebacteria occur sporadically across Europe. In this report, we undertook the epidemiological and molecular characterization of all toxigenic corynebacterium strains isolated in England between January 2007 and December 2013. Epidemiological aspects include case demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. Molecular characterization was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) alongside traditional phenotypic methods. In total, there were 20 cases of toxigenic corynebacteria; 12 (60.0%) were caused byCorynebacterium ulcerans, where animal contact was the predominant risk factor. The remaining eight (40.0%) were caused byCorynebacterium diphtheriaestrains; six were biovar mitis, which were associated with recent travel abroad. Adults 45 years and older were particularly affected (55.0%; 11/20), and typical symptoms included sore throat and fever. Respiratory diphtheria with the absence of a pharyngeal membrane was the most common presentation (50.0%; 10/20). None of the eightC. diphtheriaecases were fully immunized. Diphtheria antitoxin was issued in two (9.5%) cases; both survived. Two (9.5%) cases died, one due to aC. diphtheriaeinfection and one due toC. ulcerans. MLST demonstrated that the majority (87.5%; 7/8) ofC. diphtheriaestrains represented new sequence types (STs). By adapting several primer sequences, the MLST genes inC. ulceranswere also amplified, thereby providing the basis for extension of the MLST scheme, which is currently restricted toC. diphtheriae. Despite high population immunity, occasional toxigenic corynebacterium strains are identified in England and continued surveillance is required.

scholarly journals Infection with Clostridioides difficile ribotype 046 in a paediatric liver transplant patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildenia B. R. Nogueira ◽  
Cecília L. Costa ◽  
Conceição S. Martins ◽  
Maria Luana G. S. Morais ◽  
Carlos Quesada-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Transplant Patient ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
History Of

Clostridioides difficile causes nosocomial diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use and immunodeficiency. Although the number of paediatric C. difficile infections (CDIs) has increased worldwide, there are few studies on the molecular characterization of strains causing CDIs among children. We report the clinical features and strain molecular characterization of a CDI in a female child with a history of liver transplantation at 7 months of age. This is the first report of the 046 ribotype causing paediatric diarrhoea.

Christianity in the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Different Parts

This book charts the transformation of one of the world's great religions during an age marked by world wars, genocide, nationalism, decolonization, and powerful ideological currents, many of them hostile to Christianity. The book traces how Christianity evolved from a religion defined by the culture and politics of Europe to the expanding polycentric and multicultural faith it is today—one whose growing popular support is strongest in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, China, and other parts of Asia. The book sheds critical light on themes of central importance for understanding the global contours of modern Christianity, illustrating each one with contrasting case studies, usually taken from different parts of the world. Unlike other books on world Christianity, this one is not a regional survey or chronological narrative, nor does it focus on theology or ecclesiastical institutions. The book provides a history of Christianity as a popular faith experienced and lived by its adherents, telling a compelling and multifaceted story of Christendom's fortunes in Europe, North America, and across the rest of the globe. It demonstrates how Christianity has had less to fear from the onslaughts of secularism than from the readiness of Christians themselves to accommodate their faith to ideologies that privilege racial identity or radical individualism.

Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner (eds). Economy and Culture in Pakistan: Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society. London: Macmillan. 1991. 268 pp.

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political System ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Divide ◽  
Different Parts

Modem economic factors and forces are rapidly transforming the world into a single society and economy in which the migration of people at the national and international levels plays an important role. Pakistan, as a modem nation, has characteristically been deeply influenced by such migrations, both national and international. The first great exodus occurred in 1947 when over eight million Indian Muslims migrated from different parts of India to Pakistan. Thus, from the very beginning mass population movements and migrations have been woven into Pakistan's social fabric through its history, culture and religion. These migrations have greatly influenced the form and substance of the national economy, the contours of the political system, patterns of urbanisation and the physiognomy of the overall culture and history of the country. The recent political divide of Sindh on rural/Sindhi, and urban/non-Sindhi, ethnic and linguistic lines is the direct result of these earlier settlements of these migrants in the urban areas of Sindh.

Subversive Mobilities

Transfers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Thelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Public Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Conflict

The article approaches mobility through a cultural history of urban conflict. Using a case of “The Copenhagen Trouble,“ a series of riots in the Danish capital around 1900, a space of subversive mobilities is delineated. These turn-of-the-century riots points to a new pattern of mobile gathering, the swarm; to a new aspect of public action, the staging; and to new ways of configuring public space. These different components indicate an urban assemblage of subversion, and a new characterization of the “throwntogetherness“ of the modern public.

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