Calidad microbiológica del agua potable utilizada en escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Tepatitlán, Jalisco

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad microbiológica del agua en las escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México (3 de kinder, 15 de primaria y 4 de secundaria) mediante la cuantificación de cloro libre, bacterias coliformes totales (OCT) y fecales (OCF); además de la búsqueda cualitativa de Enterobacterias. En general, el 9% de las escuelas verificadas cumple con los criterios establecidos por la Normatividad Oficial Mexicana para cloro libre (0.2 a 1.5 mg/L), mientras que en el 59 % de las muestras sobrepasa los límites recomendables y en el 32 % no se detectó. En lo referente al contenido de OCT y OCF, estas bacterias se detectaron en muestras de agua provenientes de escuelas (K1 y S3) que no contenían cloro al llegar desde la red municipal, pero también en especímenes (P7, P8 y P15) que contenían cloro residual en exceso; de esto se concluye que la contaminación puede ser de origen y/o deberse a que los depósitos de almacenamiento están sucios. Por su parte, es importante destacar que en el 13.6 % de las muestras se identificó a la bacteria Escherichia coli; además, se aislaron cepas de Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella spp y Pseudomona spp. La presencia de bacterias patógenas en agua potable de instituciones educativas indica que ésta puede ser un vector de enfermedades, por lo que se recomienda que se lleven a cabo mantenimientos preventivos de limpieza en cisternas y tinacos, así como monitoreos frecuentes de la calidad microbiológica del agua.

Hiệu quả của chế phẩm vi sinh chịu mặn NPISi lên sinh trưởng, năng suất lúa và đặc tính đất nhiễm mặn mô hình tôm-lúa tại huyện Phước Long, tỉnh Bạc Liêu

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là đánh giá hiệu quả của chế phẩm vi sinh chịu mặn NPISi chứa các dòng vi khuẩn Bacillus aquimaris KG6-3, Burkholderia sp. BL1-10, Bacillus megaterium ST2-9 và Citrobacter freundii RTTV_12 lên sinh trưởng, năng suất giống lúa Một Bụi Đỏ và đặc tính đất nhiễm mặn trong mô hình canh tác tôm-lúa ở huyện Phước Long, tỉnh Bạc Liêu. Thí nghiệm được bố trí thể thức khối hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên gồm 4 nghiệm thức và 4 lần lặp lại. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy các nghiệm thức có sử dụng chế phẩm vi sinh chịu mặn NPISi với liều lượng 75 kg/ha cho hàm lượng Si tổng số, N tổng số, P tổng số, K tổng số trong thân và năng suất lúa cao hơn và khác biệt ý nghĩa thống kê (p<0,05) so với nghiệm thức đối chứng chỉ sử dụng phân NPK theo kinh nghiệm của nông dân. Bên cạnh đó, việc sử dụng chế phẩm vi sinh chịu mặn NPISi còn giúp cải thiện một số đặc tính hóa học và sinh học đất như hàm lượng đạm hữu dụng, P dễ tiêu, mật số vi khuẩn, mật số vi khuẩn cố định đạm, vi khuẩn hòa tan lân và vi khuẩn hòa tan Si trong đất ở thời điểm kết thúc thí nghiệm.

Quantitative Analysis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Surfaces of Canned Soft Drinks and Handlers from Selected Institutions in Zaria, Kaduna State

The potentially major importance but currently unstudied trend of enteric bacterial contamination on surfaces of canned drinks forms the basis of the research. A study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of selected enteric bacteria on the surface of canned soft drinks and its handlers (palms of consumers) from selected tertiary institutions in Zaria. Two hundred and sixteen swabs were collected from the external surfaces of canned soft drinks and its handlers, thirty-six swabs each from cans and hand swabs were also collected from designated whole sellers known as Distributors. The samples were screened and analyzed using Spread Plate Method, Microgen GNA System for identification for enteric bacteria in three institutions in Zaria, Kaduna State. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results showed that the total bacteria count of canned soft drinks and its handlers in the three institutions range from 1.0x104 to 3.0x107 cfu/ml. Fourteen species of the Family Enterobacteriaceae were identified. The predominant species observed on canned soft drinks were Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella ozaenae while that of its handlers were Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. Perfloxacin (66.7%) in ABU, perfloxacin (66.7%) in FCE and ciprofloxacin (88.9%) in POLY were highly sensitive against the isolates, while imipenem and ampicillin had (57.6%) in ABU, ofloxacin (73.3%) in FCE and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic (66.7%) in POLY were found to be non-susceptible. The study showed that surfaces of canned soft drinks and its handlers in Zaria are significantly contaminated with enteric bacteria. Hence, incorporation of routine check of canned drinks in the health system is required. There is low antimicrobial activity by the antibiotic against the isolates, this poses serious health implications and requires further investigation.

МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА СЫРНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ КАЗАХСТАНСКИХ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ

С целью выявления уровня контаминации условно-патогенными и патогенными микроорганизмами были исследованы 57 образцов 19 сортов сыров, в т.ч. одного твердого сыра, 9 полутвердых, пяти мягких и четырех соленых сыров, предлагаемых отечественными производителями северного, центрального и восточного регионов Казахстана с использованием классических микробиологических, масс-спектрометрических методов и коммерческих планшетов Compact Dry EU (R-Biopharm AG, Германия). Было установлено, что полутвердые, мягкие и соленые сорта сыра контаминированы бактериями группы кишечной палочки и Salmonella. На масс-спектрометре MALDI-TOF Biotyper (Bruker, Германия) были идентифицированы четыре вида бактерий семейства Enterobacteriaceae, а именно Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii и Citrobacter braakii. Общий уровень бактериального заражения образцов сыра составил 68,4%, опасные микроорганизмы были обнаружены в продукции восьми из одиннадцати производителей исследованных регионов. Микроорганизмы не были выделены из твердых сыров, 44,4% полутвердых и 25% соленых сыров. Установлено, что 100% мягких сыров контаминированы бактериями группы кишечной палочки. E.coli была обнаружена в 39 из 57 исследованных образцов сыра.

Influence of the nanophytopreparation “Betulin in carbon microsphere” on the state of pathogenic and persistent factors of the joints of enteromicrobiocenosis of broiler chickens

The current development stage of the poultry industry is characterized by a rapid consolidation of the role of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. It was found that some phytopreparations have a diverse impact on the persistent characteristics of microorganisms. This work aims to study the influence of the nanophytopreparation “Betulin in carbon microsphere” on the manifestation of pathogenic (hemolytic, adhesive, proteolytic, catalase activities) and persistent (antilysozyme, anti-complementary activities) characteristics of microorganisms isolated from broiler chickens. Studied were microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from samples of broiler chicken droppings. The nanophytopreparation “Betulin in carbon microsphere” was prophylactically added to the diet of chickens. As a control, considered were cultures of microorganisms isolated from broiler chickens, who did not receive the preparation in the diet. It was established that 37.5% of E. coli cultures isolated from droppings of the control broiler group exhibit hemolytic activity, while E. coli isolates from the experimental group did not have this activity. The percentage of isolated cultures of microorganisms that showed adhesive, proteolytic and catalase activity was lower for broiler chickens of the experimental group compared to the control one. This tendency was observed when studying persistent factors, in particular, antilysozyme and anti-complementary characteristics. The nanophytopreparation “Betulin in carbon microsphere” can be applied not only to increase the general resistance of the poultry body but also to target the main types of microbiocenosis joints, reducing their pathogenic and persistent potential.

Determination of some virulence factors of Citrobacter freundii isolated from Iraqi patients

This study included the isolation and identification of Citrobacter freundii from 220 samples collected from inpatients and outpatients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) and identified at the laboratory of the General Samarra Hospital in Samarra City, Iraq. The study was conducted to investigate some of the virulence factors produced by C. freundii. The results showed that 67 isolates were belonging to the C. freundii, with a rate of 30.45%. Twenty eight samples were from inpatients (41.8%) and 39 samples were from outpatients. The bacterial identification was based on cultural and biochemical tests and confirmed by using VITEK2 compact system. Virulence factor results showed that all isolates were not blood hydrolyzing whereas they produced protease. Seven isolates (10.4%) produced biofilm, five from inpatients and two from outpatients, at rates of 17.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The results showed that 17 (25.4%) of the pathogenic isolates were β-lactamase producers, as determined by the iodometric method, twelve of them (17.9%) were from inpatients and 5 (7.5%) from outpatients. Four isolates of C. freundii produced Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESβL) enzymes, three from inpatients and one from outpatients, with ratios of 4.5% and 1.4%, respectively. Also, the via B gene, which is responsible for virulence factors, was investigated using PCR. The results showed that 12 isolates from inpatients and 4 isolates from outpatients were harboring this gene. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer’s method showed that all isolates that produced β-lactamase were resistant to antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Nilotica Pods Against Carbapenem Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Different Hospitals in Khartoum State

This study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica against carbapenem resistant bacteria during the period from February 2018 to December 2018. Agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of Acacia nilotica and the ethanolic extract was examined against carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii isolated from different hospital in Khartoum state and the sample include (urine, wound swab, sputum, blood and body fluid) for 91 clinical isolates. The extract show activity against all tested microorganism and the inhibition zone were17±3 mm for E. coli, 18.3±4mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 16.9±4mm for Proteus mirabilis, 17±3 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18.3±0.5mm for Enterobacter cloacae and 16±5mm for Citrobacter freundii and the activity of the extract at 100 mg/ml concentration show sensitive (82.4%), (72.6%) for 50mg/ml and (51.6%) for 25 mg/ml for all tested bacteria. Ethanol extract of Acacia nilotica was found to be effective as antibacterial against different bacterial pathogens, providing the scientific basis for its traditional application in Sudanese folk medicine against many bacterial diseases, extract had an in vitro antibacterial activity against carbapenem resistant bacteria, further studies are required to confirm this result to identify active ingredient and toxicity