scholarly journals Spray Application of Nonpathogenic Fusaria onto Rice Flowers Controls Bakanae Disease (Caused by Fusarium fujikuroi) in the Next Plant Generation

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Saito ◽  
Mai Sasaki ◽  
Yoko Nonaka ◽  
Jun Tanaka ◽  
Tomomi Tokunaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Abnormal Tissue ◽  
Spray Treatment

ABSTRACT Bakanae disease, caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, is an economically important seed-borne disease of rice. F. fujikuroi is horizontally transmitted to rice flowers and vertically transmitted to the next generation via seeds. The fungus induces typical symptoms such as abnormal tissue elongation and etiolation. Sanitation of seed farms and seed disinfection are the only effective means to control bakanae disease at present; however, the efficacy of these methods is often insufficient. Therefore, alternative and innovative control methods are necessary. We developed a novel method for applying nonpathogenic fusaria as biocontrol agents by spraying spore suspensions onto rice flowers to reduce the incidence of seed-borne bakanae. We visualized the interaction between Fusarium commune W5, a nonpathogenic fusarium, and Fusarium fujikuroi using transformants expressing two different fluorescent proteins on/in rice plants. W5 inhibited hyphal extension of F. fujikuroi on/in rice flowers and seedlings, possibly by competing with the pathogen, and survived on/in rice seeds for at least 6 months. IMPORTANCE We demonstrated that a spray treatment of rice flowers with the spores of nonpathogenic fusaria mimicked the disease cycle of the seed-borne bakanae pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi and effectively suppressed the disease. Spray treatment of nonpathogenic fusaria reduced the degree of pathogen invasion of rice flowers and vertical transmission of the pathogen to the next plant generation via seeds, thereby controlling the bakanae disease. The most promising isolate, F. commune W5, colonized seeds and seedlings via treated flowers and successfully inhibited pathogen invasion, suggesting that competition with the pathogen was the mode of action. Seed-borne diseases are often controlled by seed treatment with chemical fungicides. Establishing an alternative method is a pressing issue from the perspectives of limiting fungicide resistance and increasing food security. This work provides a potential solution to these issues using a novel application technique to treat rice flowers with biocontrol agents.

scholarly journals Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in JapaneseFusarium fujikuroi

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhisa Suga ◽  
Mitsuhiro Arai ◽  
Emi Fukasawa ◽  
Keiichi Motohashi ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gibberellin Production

ABSTRACTFusarium fujikuroiis a pathogenic fungus that infects rice. It produces several important mycotoxins, such as fumonisins. Fumonisin production has been detected in strains of maize, strawberry, and wheat, whereas it has not been detected in strains from rice seedlings infested with bakanae disease in Japan. We investigated the genetic relationships, pathogenicity, and resistance to a fungicide, thiophanate-methyl (TM), in 51 fumonisin-producing strains and 44 nonproducing strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and two specific genes (a combined sequence of translation elongation factor 1α [TEF1α] and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit [RPB2]) indicated differential clustering between the fumonisin-producing and -nonproducing strains. One of the AFLP markers, EATMCAY107, was specifically present in the fumonisin-producing strains. A specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains was also detected inRPB2, in addition to an SNP previously found inTEF1α. Gibberellin production was higher in the nonproducing than in the producing strains according to anin vitroassay, and the nonproducing strains had the strongest pathogenicity with regard to rice seedlings. TM resistance was closely correlated with the cluster of fumonisin-nonproducing strains. The results indicate that intraspecific evolution in JapaneseF. fujikuroiis associated with fumonisin production and pathogenicity. Two subgroups of JapaneseF. fujikuroi, designated G group and F group, were distinguished based on phylogenetic differences and the high production of gibberellin and fumonisin, respectively.IMPORTANCEFusarium fujikuroiis a pathogenic fungus that causes rice bakanae disease. Historically, this pathogen has been known asFusarium moniliforme, along with many other species based on a broad species concept. Gibberellin, which is currently known as a plant hormone, is a virulence factor ofF. fujikuroi. Fumonisin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin posing a serious threat to food and feed safety. Although it has been confirmed thatF. fujikuroiproduces gibberellin and fumonisin, production varies among strains, and individual production has been obscured by the traditional appellation ofF. moniliforme, difficulties in species identification, and variation in the assays used to determine the production of these secondary metabolites. In this study, we discovered two phylogenetic subgroups associated with fumonisin and gibberellin production in JapaneseF. fujikuroi.

scholarly journals sxtA-Based Quantitative Molecular Assay To Identify Saxitoxin-Producing Harmful Algal Blooms in Marine Waters

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (19) ◽  
pp. 7050-7057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna A. Murray ◽  
Maria Wiese ◽  
Anke Stüken ◽  
Steve Brett ◽  
Ralf Kellmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Alexandrium Catenella ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
Novel Method

ABSTRACTThe recent identification of genes involved in the production of the potent neurotoxin and keystone metabolite saxitoxin (STX) in marine eukaryotic phytoplankton has allowed us for the first time to develop molecular genetic methods to investigate the chemical ecology of harmful algal bloomsin situ. We present a novel method for detecting and quantifying the potential for STX production in marine environmental samples. Our assay detects a domain of the genesxtAthat encodes a unique enzyme putatively involved in thesxtpathway in marine dinoflagellates,sxtA4. A product of the correct size was recovered from nine strains of four species of STX-producingAlexandriumandGymnodinium catenatumand was not detected in the non-STX-producingAlexandriumspecies, other dinoflagellate cultures, or an environmental sample that did not contain known STX-producing species. However,sxtA4was also detected in the non-STX-producing strain ofAlexandrium tamarense, Tasmanian ribotype. We investigated the copy number ofsxtA4in three strains ofAlexandrium catenellaand found it to be relatively constant among strains. Using our novel method, we detected and quantifiedsxtA4in three environmental blooms ofAlexandrium catenellathat led to STX uptake in oysters. We conclude that this method shows promise as an accurate, fast, and cost-effective means of quantifying the potential for STX production in marine samples and will be useful for biological oceanographic research and harmful algal bloom monitoring.

scholarly journals Identifying integrated options for agricultural climate change mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tzilivakis ◽  
Kathleen Lewis ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Douglas Warner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Change Mitigation

Purpose – In order to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is essential that all industry sectors have the appropriate knowledge and tools to contribute. This includes agriculture, which is considered to contribute about a third of emissions globally. This paper reports on one such tool: IMPACCT: Integrated Management oPtions for Agricultural Climate Change miTigation. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – IMPACCT focuses on GHGs, carbon sequestration and associated mitigation options. However, it also attempts to include information on economic and other environmental impacts in order to provide a more holistic perspective. The model identifies mitigation options, likely economic impacts and any synergies and trade-offs with other environmental objectives. The model has been applied on 22 case study farms in seven Member States. Findings – The tool presents some useful concepts for developing carbon calculators in the future. It has highlighted that calculators need to evolve from simply calculating emissions to identifying cost-effective and integrated emissions reduction options. Practical implications – IMPACCT has potential to become an effective means of provided targeted guidance, as part of a broader knowledge transfer programme based on an integrated suite of guidance, tools and advice delivered via different media. Originality/value – IMPACCT is a new model that demonstrates how to take a more integrated approach to mitigating GHGs on farms across Europe. It is a holistic carbon calculator that presents mitigation options in the context other environmental and economic objectives in the search for more sustainable methods of food production.

Sequencing of non-virulent strains of Fusarium fujikuroi reveals genes putatively involved in bakanae disease of rice

2021 ◽  
pp. 103622
Author(s):  
Edoardo Piombo ◽  
Marco Rosati ◽  
Martina Sanna ◽  
Monica Mezzalama ◽  
M. Lodovica Gullino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Virulent Strains

The effect of supplier globalization on firm innovation: a resource dependence theory perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Wang ◽  
Bai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Resource Dependence Theory ◽  
Institutional Distance ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Firm Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dependence Theory

PurposeEither buying or making is predicted by the existing literature for firms to reduce dependence. However, firms in the rapid globalization are found to adopt a pattern of buying and making. Specially, they critically rely on foreign firms for needed materials and goods, and invest in innovation against the uncertainty of potential supply disruptions simultaneously. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate how the depth and width of supplier globalization shape firm innovation together. Moreover, the moderating effects of institutional distance and market competition are also examined in the paper.Design/methodology/approachGrounded on the resource dependence theory, this paper develops a theoretical framework and tests the proposed hypotheses by Poisson model using secondary data from 502 Chinese listed firms with foreign suppliers.FindingsThe depth of supplier globalization has a positive impact on firm innovation, while the width of supplier globalization weakens firm innovation. The depth and width of supplier globalization further interact negatively to influence firm innovation. Moreover, this relationship is enhanced when firms establish relationships with foreign firms with greater institutional distance and is weakened when firms face fiercer product competition.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the literature by evidencing that the existence of foreign suppliers results in firms' enhancement of innovation to secure their operations and showing that diversifying the country origins of foreign suppliers is an effective means to reduce firms' uncertainty about supply disruption. We also advance the understanding regarding the contextual factors in which firms are more likely or less likely to manage the uncertainty about supplier globalization.

Activity of A Novel Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicide Pydiflumetofen against Fusarium fujikuroi causing Rice Bakanae Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Bai ◽  
Chun-Yan Gu ◽  
Rui Pan ◽  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Hao-Yu Zang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

New fungicides are tools to manage fungal diseases and overcome emerging resistance in fugnal pathogens. In this study, a total of 121 isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of rice bakanae disease (RBD), were collected from various geographical regions of China, and their sensitivity to a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI)fungicide ‘pydiflumetofen’ was evaluated. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) value of pydiflumetofen for mycelial growth suppression ranged from 0.0101 to 0.1012 μg/ml and for conidial germination inhibition ranged from 0.0051to 0.1082 μg/ml. Pydiflumetofen treated hyphae showed contortion and increased branching, cell membrane permeability, and glycerol content significantly. The result of electron microscope transmission indicated that pydiflumetofen damaged the mycelial cell wall and the cell membrane, and almost broken up the cells, which increased the intracellular plasma leakage. There was no cross-resistance between pydiflumetofen and the widely used fungicides such as carbendazim, prochloraz, and phenamacril. Pydiflumetofen was found safe to seeds and rice seedlings of four rice cultivars, used up to 400 μg/ml. Seed treatment significantly decreased the rate of diseased plants in the greenhouse as well as in field trials in 2017 and 2018. Pydiflumetofen showed superb results against RBD, when used at 10 or 20 g a.i./100 kg of treated seeds, providing over 90% control efficacy (the highest control efficacy was up to 97%), which was significantly higher than that of 25% phenamacril (SC) at 10g or carbendazim at 100 g. Pydiflumetofen is highly effective against F. fujikuroi growth and sporulation as well as RBD in the field.

Does commitment to environmental self-regulation matter? An empirical examination from China

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 932-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Lin ◽  
Saixing Zeng ◽  
Hanyang Ma ◽  
Hongquan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Corporate Environmental Performance ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Commitment ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms by which symbolic commitment to self-regulation influences corporate environmental performance through the adoption of substantive actions. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of Chinese listed private firms in manufacturing sectors, this paper empirically investigates whether and how corporate symbolic commitment to environmental self-regulation really improves the consequences of corporate activities with respect to environmental issues under the current Chinese context. A moderated mediation analysis is employed to test the hypotheses and examine the relationships proposed in the research framework. Findings – The authors argue that making a commitment to environmental self-regulation could motivate firms to implement effective means of being green. The intriguing and robust results show that firms with higher ranking environmental commitment are more likely to use political connections to obtain resources (green subsidies), and then improve environmental performance. Practical implications – The results of this study provide a snapshot of the mechanism between symbolic promises and real outcomes. Originality/value – The authors theorize about and test both direct and indirect effects of commitment to self-regulation on real outcomes which provide empirical evidence for the incipient but growing understanding of self-regulation.

Novel method for hyperspectral unmixing: fuzzy c-means unmixing

Sensor Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
Mingyu Nie ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Xiaomei Li ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Bo Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Image Sensors ◽  
Spectral Unmixing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hyperspectral Unmixing ◽  
Fuzzy C Means ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Iteration Analysis

Purpose This paper aims to effectively achieve endmembers and relative abundances simultaneously in hyperspectral image unmixing yield. Hyperspectral unmixing, which is an important step before image classification and recognition, is a challenging issue because of the limited resolution of image sensors and the complex diversity of nature. Unmixing can be performed using different methods, such as blind source separation and semi-supervised spectral unmixing. However, these methods have disadvantages such as inaccurate results or the need for the spectral library to be known a priori. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a novel method for hyperspectral unmixing called fuzzy c-means unmixing, which achieves endmembers and relative abundance through repeated iteration analysis at the same time. Findings Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively implement hyperspectral unmixing with high accuracy. Originality/value The proposed method present an effective framework for the challenging field of hyperspectral image unmixing.

Incorporating Neural Network Material Models Within Finite Element Analysis for Rheological Behavior Prediction

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scott Kessler ◽  
A. Sherif El-Gizawy ◽  
Douglas E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Behavior Prediction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Rheological Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Method

The accuracy of a finite element model for design and analysis of a metal forging operation is limited by the incorporated material model’s ability to predict deformation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions. Current rheological models prove deficient in several respects due to the difficulty in establishing complicated relations between many parameters. More recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been suggested as an effective means to overcome these difficulties. To this end, a robust ANN with the ability to determine flow stresses based on strain, strain rate, and temperature is developed and linked with finite element code. Comparisons of this novel method with conventional means are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of this approach.

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