scholarly journals Core Rhizosphere Microbiomes of Dryland Wheat Are Influenced by Location and Land Use History

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Schlatter ◽  
Chuntao Yin ◽  
Scot Hulbert ◽  
Timothy C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Land Use History ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT The Inland Pacific Northwest is one of the most productive dryland wheat production areas in the United States. We explored the bacterial and fungal communities associated with wheat in a controlled greenhouse experiment using soils from multiple locations to identify core taxa consistently associated with wheat roots and how land use history influences wheat-associated communities. Further, we examined microbial co-occurrence networks from wheat rhizospheres to identify candidate hub taxa. Location of origin and land use history (long-term no-till versus noncropped Conservation Reserve Program [CRP]) of soils were the strongest drivers of bacterial and fungal communities. Wheat rhizospheres were especially enriched in many bacterial families, while only a few fungal taxa were enriched in the rhizosphere. There was a core set of bacteria and fungi that was found in >95% of rhizosphere or bulk soil samples, including members of Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonadaceae, Massilia, Variovorax, Oxalobacteraceae, and Caulobacteraceae. Core fungal taxa in the rhizosphere included Nectriaceae, Ulocladium, Alternaria, Mortierella, and Microdochium. Overall, there were fewer core fungal taxa, and the rhizosphere effect was not as pronounced as with bacteria. Cross-domain co-occurrence networks were used to identify hub taxa in the wheat rhizosphere, which included bacterial and fungal taxa (e.g., Sphingomonas, Massilia, Knufia, and Microdochium). Our results suggest that there is a relatively small group of core rhizosphere bacteria that were highly abundant on wheat roots regardless of soil origin and land use history. These core communities may play important roles in nutrient uptake, suppressing fungal pathogens, and other plant health functions. IMPORTANCE Plant-associated microbiomes are critical for plant health and other important agroecosystem processes. We assessed the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of wheat grown in soils from across a dryland wheat cropping systems in eastern Washington to identify the core microbiome on wheat roots that is consistent across soils from different locations and land use histories. Moreover, cross-domain co-occurrence network analysis identified core and hub taxa that may play important roles in microbial community assembly. Candidate core and hub taxa provide a starting point for targeting microbiome components likely to be critical to plant health and for constructing synthetic microbial communities for further experimentation. This work is one of the first examples of identifying a core microbiome on a major field crop grown across hundreds of square kilometers over a wide range of biogeographical zones.

scholarly journals Discovery of a spatially and temporally persistent core microbiome of the common bean rhizosphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejc Stopnisek ◽  
Ashley Shade
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Plant Microbiome

AbstractPlants recruit soil microbes that provide nutrients, promote growth and protect against pathogens1–3. However, the full potential of microbial communities for supporting plant health and agriculture is unrealized4–6, in part because rhizosphere members key for plant health are difficult to prioritize7. Microbes that ubiquitously associate with a plant species across large spatial scales and varied soil conditions provide a practical starting point for discovering beneficial members7. Here, we quantified the structures of bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities in the common bean rhizosphere (Phaseolus vulgaris), and assessed its core membership across space and time. To assess a spatial core, two divergent bean genotypes were grown in field conditions across five major growing regions in the United States, and then also compared to eight genotypes grown in Colombian soil. To assess a temporal core, we conducted a time course of rhizosphere and rhizoplane microbiome members over bean development in the field. Surprisingly, there were 48 persistent bacterial taxa that were detected in all samples, inclusive of U.S. and Colombian-grown beans and over plant development, suggesting cosmopolitan enrichment and time-independence. Neutral models of abundance-occupancy relationships and co-occurrence networks show that many of these core taxa are deterministically selected and likely in intimate relationships with the plant. Many of the core taxa were yet-uncultured and affiliated with Proteobacteria; these taxa are prime targets in support of translational plant-microbiome management. More generally, this work reveals that core members of the plant microbiome can have both broad ranges and temporal persistence with their host, suggesting intimate, albeit possibly opportunistic, interactions.

The State—Local Regulatory Nexus in US Growth Management: Claims of Property and Participation in the Localist Resistance

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Clark
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Local Participation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point

Influenced possibly more by volume than substance, some scholars have concluded that significant progress is being realized in state-level land-use regulation in the United States. In truth, more time must pass before a definitive evaluation of the more comprehensive efforts can be made. In this critical paper I examine the statewide growth-management legislation of the four states having tripartite (local—regional—state) administrative hierarchies: Florida, Vermont, Maine, and Georgia. There and elsewhere, numerous structural compromises have won adoption. Bold declarations of regulatory intent are found here often to be wrapped around ambiguous and easily subverted administrative mechanisms and standards. With prima facie evidence of significant structural shortcomings in hand, I then restore focus on the founding debates in search of a synthesis that might be more supportive of regional growth management. Using the theory of local autonomy as a starting point, I disentangle the normative foundations of the Liberal ethic of local participation and ‘control’, and of private rights in property. The centralization of growth management is seen by its proponents as a means to regionalize the ‘public interest’ in land use, positing a new and more expansive norm defining the public's interest in private property. Opponents, on the other hand, resist the public encumbrance of private land, and find in centralization a regionalized ‘public’ desirous of greater control and less amenable to private influence. In these opposing views, however, lies the possibility of less conflicted, more efficacious regional growth-management enactments. Centralization, I conclude, can actually deepen the capacity for ‘local’ participation yet at the same time extend its domain to matters of regional concern. The result can improve the capability of the local state to manage spillovers, achieve more sustainable patterns of growth, and facilitate more satisfactory templates of private investment and equity accumulation.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Typical Plant Species in Hay Meadows: The Effect of Land Use History, Landscape Structure, and Habitat Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Pagel ◽  
Theresa A. Lehmair ◽  
Peter Poschlod ◽  
Christoph Reisch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Land Use History ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Hay Meadows ◽  
Starting Point

Global changes in land use are threatening the diversity of many ecosystems on both the intra- and interspecific levels. Among these ecosystems are the species-rich hay meadows, which have drastically declined in quality and quantity, due to land use intensification or abandonment in recent decades. The remaining genetic resources of their plant species must therefore be protected. To determine the driving forces impacting genetic variation in common hay meadow species (Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, and Trifolium pratense), we used data on the land use history, historic and present landscape structure and habitat quality. Our results showed average genetic diversity within the study sites, with low differentiation levels and a high gene flow among grasslands. Land use history, landscape structure and habitat quality were found to be related to the distribution of genetic diversity in the studied species, highlighting the complex forces acting in these ecosystems and showing the specific impact of litter accumulation on genetic diversity. Both historic and current environmental variables influence genetic diversity, demonstrating the importance of the land use history of a habitat. The most important group of variables impacting genetic variation in all three species was the landscape structure (e.g., distance to the nearest-located urban area or grassland). Also important was the influence of litter cover on genetic diversity in D. glomerata, which provides an interesting starting point for further research.

Spatial Patterns and Spatial Modeling of Primary Organic Aerosol Concentrations in Three North American Cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Provat Saha ◽  
Ellis Robinson ◽  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Steven Hankey ◽  
Allen Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
North American ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Develop Land ◽  
American Cities

<p>We measure highly spatially resolved primary organic aerosol (POA) concentrations in three North American cities (Oakland, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore) using an aerosol mass spectrometer deployed on a mobile laboratory. We conduct between 10 and 20 days of repeated mobile sampling in each city, covering a wide range of urban land use attributes. We derive two POA factors using positive matrix factorization of the measured organic mass spectra: cooking OA (COA) and traffic-related OA (hydrocarbon-like OA; HOA). Both the COA and HOA concentrations vary substantially within and between cities. The COA and HOA concentrations in Oakland are about a factor of 2-4 higher than Pittsburgh and Baltimore. Within a city, the concentrations vary by a factor of 2-5. The COA concentrations are higher than the HOA in each city, indicating that cooking is an important POA source in the US. In each city, the concentrations are higher in the downtown and near large sources, showing the linkage between land-use activities and POA concentrations. We develop land-use regression (LUR) models for COA and HOA using the measured concentrations and available land-use covariates. We find that a similar set of land-use covariates explain the variability of measured POA in each city. The LUR models are moderately transferable between sampling cities. An external validation effort using literature data shows that our models predict the previous point measurements in six North American cities reasonably well. We are applying our LUR models for a national prediction of the concentration surfaces of COA and HOA. We plan to apply the national estimates for the epidemiologic and environmental justice analysis of POA in the United States.</p>

scholarly journals Long-lasting effects of land use history on soil fungal communities in second-growth tropical rain forests

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1881-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicte Bachelot ◽  
María Uriarte ◽  
Jess K. Zimmerman ◽  
Jill Thompson ◽  
Jonathan W. Leff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Land Use History ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

scholarly journals Optimizing Plant Health and Pest Management of Lagerstroemia spp. in Commercial Production and Landscape Situations in the Southeastern United States: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Chappell ◽  
S. Kristine Braman ◽  
Jean Williams-Woodward ◽  
Gary Knox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Wide Range

Lagerstroemia is a genus of plants comprised of deciduous shrubs or small trees native to China southward into Southeast Asia. L. indica, the oldest and most widespread species in cultivation in the United States, has been cultivated as an ornamental for centuries and was introduced to the Southeastern U.S. over 175 years ago. Much has been disseminated on the culture and commercial production of crapemyrtle species and cultivars; including plant forms and function, adaptability to macro and micro environment, growth and floral characteristics, and commercial production and landscape culture and maintenance. Since the introduction of L. indica in the United States, L. fauriei, L. subcostata and L. limii have also been introduced. However, since the mid 1970s, interspecific hybrids between L. indica × L. fauriei comprise the majority of new cultivar introductions. Breeding efforts have resulted in 133 commercially available cultivars as of December 2011 that include cultivars with ever improving form and flowering, new flower colors, ornamental bark, ornamental foliage, and disease tolerance. However, there is a wide range among cultivars of tolerance to key pests and diseases such as powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, flea beetle and Japanese beetle. A large number of pests and plant pathogens also negatively affect crapemyrtle health including granulate ambrosia beetle, crapemyrtle aphid, bark scale, bacterial leaf spot, sooty mold and soil-borne root and crown diseases. This review focuses on crapemyrtle culture, in both commercial and landscape settings, with an emphasis on optimizing plant health through the discussion of major abiotic and biotic stressors and cultivar variation in tolerance to these stressors.

scholarly journals Fat and Fried: Linking Land Use Law, The Risks of Obesity, and Climate Change

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Tarlock
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Disaster Relief ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Use Regulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Law

Among the major immediate risks faced by the United States are the increasing rate of obesity of its population and a wide range of potential adverse climate change impacts such as the rising of sea levels, which could result in more extreme flooding and droughts. 2 This article draws from the growing interest in the law and policy of disaster response and risk response3 generated in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Its focus is the use of law to induce the adaptation of societal behavior to minimize the long-term costs of the two serious risks4 rather than on post-disaster relief. Specifically, this article examines how one set of policy instruments, land use planning and regulation, can help to minimize the costs of these inevitable risks. Obesity and global climate change are here, although their specific impacts are still hard to predict. The basic argument is that spatial planning may help mitigate the two risks and the costs associated with them, even though spatial planning and land use regulation are relatively limited policy instruments to deal with these maddeningly complex social and political problems for two primary reasons. First, the law faces structural barriers; in the main, land use law is designed to produce a “one-off” solution to mitigate a nuisance-like use rather than to produce long-term substantive results. Second, efforts to induce behavioral change challenge the deep-seated value of freedom to live where and how one wants as the quote from the director of disaster relief in Kansas indicates. Nonetheless, the effort is worth making as there are clear links between land use regulation and these two risks.

scholarly journals The Tomato Sequencing Project, the First Cornerstone of the International Solanaceae Project (SOL)

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas A. Mueller ◽  
Steven D. Tanksley ◽  
Jim J. Giovannoni ◽  
Joyce van Eck ◽  
Stephen Stack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Map ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Data Annotation ◽  
Sequencing Project ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Level

The genome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is being sequenced by an international consortium of 10 countries (Korea, China, the United Kingdom, India, The Netherlands, France, Japan, Spain, Italy and the United States) as part of a larger initiative called the ‘International Solanaceae Genome Project (SOL): Systems Approach to Diversity and Adaptation’. The goal of this grassroots initiative, launched in November 2003, is to establish a network of information, resources and scientists to ultimately tackle two of the most significant questions in plant biology and agriculture: (1) How can a common set of genes/proteins give rise to a wide range of morphologically and ecologically distinct organisms that occupy our planet? (2) How can a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of plant diversity be harnessed to better meet the needs of society in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner? The Solanaceae and closely related species such as coffee, which are included in the scope of the SOL project, are ideally suited to address both of these questions. The first step of the SOL project is to use an ordered BAC approach to generate a high quality sequence for the euchromatic portions of the tomato as a reference for the Solanaceae. Due to the high level of macro and micro-synteny in the Solanaceae the BAC-by-BAC tomato sequence will form the framework for shotgun sequencing of other species. The starting point for sequencing the genome is BACs anchored to the genetic map by overgo hybridization and AFLP technology. The overgos are derived from approximately 1500 markers from the tomato high density F2-2000 genetic map (http://sgn.cornell.edu/). These seed BACs will be used as anchors from which to radiate the tiling path using BAC end sequence data. Annotation will be performed according to SOL project guidelines. All the information generated under the SOL umbrella will be made available in a comprehensive website. The information will be interlinked with the ultimate goal that the comparative biology of the Solanaceae—and beyond—achieves a context that will facilitate a systems biology approach.

Overview of Current Approaches to Aural Rehabilitation for Adults With Cochlear Implants

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187
Author(s):  
Rachel Glade ◽  
Erin Taylor ◽  
Deborah S. Culbertson ◽  
Christin Ray
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Aural Rehabilitation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Hearing Health

Purpose This clinical focus article provides an overview of clinical models currently being used for the provision of comprehensive aural rehabilitation (AR) for adults with cochlear implants (CIs) in the Unites States. Method Clinical AR models utilized by hearing health care providers from nine clinics across the United States were discussed with regard to interprofessional AR practice patterns in the adult CI population. The clinical models were presented in the context of existing knowledge and gaps in the literature. Future directions were proposed for optimizing the provision of AR for the adult CI patient population. Findings/Conclusions There is a general agreement that AR is an integral part of hearing health care for adults with CIs. While the provision of AR is feasible in different clinical practice settings, service delivery models are variable across hearing health care professionals and settings. AR may include interprofessional collaboration among surgeons, audiologists, and speech-language pathologists with varying roles based on the characteristics of a particular setting. Despite various existing barriers, the clinical practice patterns identified here provide a starting point toward a more standard approach to comprehensive AR for adults with CIs.

SOME TRENDS IN GRASSLAND FARMING IN EUROPE

1977 ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
R.W. Brougham
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Wide Range

IN an assessment such as this, one could cover a wide range of topics fairly shallowly or a lesser number in a bit more depth. I have opted for the latter. The topics discussed will embrace some trends in dairying, beef farming, sheep farming, hill country farming, and land use generally, species and variety usage in grassland farming, use of crude protein produced from pasture, and some implications of energy usage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document