Landscape and Meteorological Factors Affecting Prevalence of Three Food-Borne Pathogens in Fruit and Vegetable Farms
ABSTRACTProduce-related outbreaks have been traced back to the preharvest environment. A longitudinal study was conducted on five farms in New York State to characterize the prevalence, persistence, and diversity of food-borne pathogens in fresh produce fields and to determine landscape and meteorological factors that predict their presence. Produce fields were sampled four times per year for 2 years. A total of 588 samples were analyzed forListeria monocytogenes,Salmonella, and Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC). The prevalence measures ofL. monocytogenes,Salmonella, and STEC were 15.0, 4.6, and 2.7%, respectively.L. monocytogenesandSalmonellawere detected more frequently in water samples, while STEC was detected with equal frequency across all sample types (soil, water, feces, and drag swabs).L. monocytogenes sigBgene allelic types 57, 58, and 61 andSalmonella entericaserovar Cerro were repeatedly isolated from water samples. Soil available water storage (AWS), temperature, and proximity to three land cover classes (water, roads and urban development, and pasture/hay grass) influenced the likelihood of detectingL. monocytogenes. Drainage class, AWS, and precipitation were identified as important factors inSalmonelladetection. This information was used in a geographic information system framework to hypothesize locations of environmental reservoirs where the prevalence of food-borne pathogens may be elevated. The map indicated that not all croplands are equally likely to contain environmental reservoirs ofL. monocytogenes. These findings advance recommendations to minimize the risk of preharvest contamination by enhancing models of the environmental constraints on the survival and persistence of food-borne pathogens in fields.