scholarly journals Differential Effects of Breed and Nursing on Early-Life Colonic Microbiota and Immune Status as Revealed in a Cross-Fostering Piglet Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlong Mu ◽  
Gaorui Bian ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nursing Mother ◽  
Colonic Microbiota ◽  
Cross Fostering

ABSTRACT Nursing mother and breed can differently regulate early-life microbiota succession in pigs. However, it remains unclear whether they affect gastrointestinal microbiota and immune status, which are critical for early-life gut health. Here, an interspecific cross-fostering piglet model was employed by fostering neonatal Yorkshire and Meishan piglets to the same or another breed of sows. Jejunal and colonic microbiotas and mucosal immune parameters were analyzed at postnatal days 14 (preweaning) and 49 (postweaning). Nursing mother affected 10 genera in the colon and 3 minor genera in the jejunum. At day 14, Meishan sow-nursed piglets had lower Streptococcus suis and higher Cloacibacillus counts in the colonic digesta and larger amounts of interleukin 10 and Foxp3-positive cells in the colonic mucosa than did Yorkshire sow-nursed piglets. At day 49, nursing mother had no significant effects on cytokine expression. Breed effects were observed; Meishan piglets had lower relative abundances of Prevotella and lower gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) than those of Yorkshire piglets at days 14 and 49. Collectively, nursing mother mainly affected preweaning colonic microbiota and immune status, while breed effects persisted after weaning. Piglets nursed by Meishan sows had different microbiota compositions and inflammatory cytokine profiles in the colon compared with those of piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows. These results highlight the different role of nursing mother and breed in affecting early gut microenvironment. IMPORTANCE Early-life gut microbiota and immune status are pivotal for postnatal growth. By using an interspecific cross-fostering piglet model, we find that change in nursing mother transiently reshapes preweaning colon microbiota and immune status, while breed shows persistent effects both pre- and postweaning. Piglets nursed by Meishan sows had lower Streptococcus suis counts and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. These results highlight the significance of nursing mother in regulating early-life gut health.

scholarly journals Maternal Style Selectively Shapes Amygdalar Development and Social Behavior in Rats Genetically Prone to High Anxiety

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Cohen ◽  
Matthew E. Glover ◽  
Phyllis C. Pugh ◽  
Andrew D. Fant ◽  
Rebecca K. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Developmental Gene ◽  
Developmental Gene Expression ◽  
Maternal Style ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Cross Fostering

The early-life environment critically influences neurodevelopment and later psychological health. To elucidate neural and environmental elements that shape emotional behavior, we developed a rat model of individual differences in temperament and environmental reactivity. We selectively bred rats for high versus low behavioral response to novelty and found that high-reactive (bred high-responder, bHR) rats displayed greater risk-taking, impulsivity and aggression relative to low-reactive (bred low-responder, bLR) rats, which showed high levels of anxiety/depression-like behavior and certain stress vulnerability. The bHR/bLR traits are heritable, but prior work revealed bHR/bLR maternal style differences, with bLR dams showing more maternal attention than bHRs. The present study implemented a cross-fostering paradigm to examine the contribution of maternal behavior to the brain development and emotional behavior of bLR offspring. bLR offspring were reared by biological bLR mothers or fostered to a bLR or bHR mother and then evaluated to determine the effects on the following: (1) developmental gene expression in the hippocampus and amygdala and (2) adult anxiety/depression-like behavior. Genome-wide expression profiling showed that cross-fostering bLR rats to bHR mothers shifted developmental gene expression in the amygdala (but not hippocampus), reduced adult anxiety and enhanced social interaction. Our findings illustrate how an early-life manipulation such as cross-fostering changes the brain's developmental trajectory and ultimately impacts adult behavior. Moreover, while earlier studies highlighted hippocampal differences contributing to the bHR/bLR phenotypes, our results point to a role of the amygdala as well. Future work will pursue genetic and cellular mechanisms within the amygdala that contribute to bHR/bLR behavior either at baseline or following environmental manipulations.

Youngstock diseases — an immunological perspective

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 294-294
Author(s):  
Ellie Button
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Life Success

Gut health is crucial to early life success in calves. By enhancing a calf's own ability to fight disease we can aim to reduce incidence.

Abdominal irradiation increases inflammatory cytokine expression and activates NF-κB in rat ileal muscularis layer

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (3) ◽  
pp. G556-G565 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Linard ◽  
A. Ropenga ◽  
M. C. Vozenin-Brotons ◽  
A. Chapel ◽  
D. Mathe
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Activator Protein 1 ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The small bowel is an important dose-limiting organ in abdominal radiotherapy because irradiation can cause acute enteritis that, in turn, leads to progressively reduced motility and finally, in a later phase, to fibrosis. Because these clinical symptoms may be caused by the early stage of an inflammatory process, we characterized the radiation-induced intestinal inflammation in rats. Abdominal γ-irradiation (10-Gy) induced a cascade of inflammatory events characterized by an early (6 h after exposure) increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA levels in the rat ileal muscularis layer. IL-8 [a cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)] mRNA appeared later (at 3 days). The expression of TGF-β (a profibrotic cytokine) was higher in irradiated than control tissue at day 1, whereas IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) expression vanished completely. Despite strong IL-1ra expression, the IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio, which is an indicator of inflammatory balance, was -41% at day 1 in irradiated compared with control tissue. The nuclear transcription factors NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) govern transcription of these genes, directly or indirectly. Although expression of the subunits of NF-κB (p65, p50) and AP-1 (c- fos, c- jun) did not increase, irradiation caused a rapid and persistent translocation of p65 and p50. An imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators may contribute to perpetuating intestinal inflammation, thus making it chronic.

scholarly journals Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Broiler Chicken Performance and Microbiota

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 5880-5888 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Maesschalck ◽  
V. Eeckhaut ◽  
L. Maertens ◽  
L. De Lange ◽  
L. Marchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coa Transferase

ABSTRACTIn broiler chickens, feed additives, including prebiotics, are widely used to improve gut health and to stimulate performance. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans that can be fermented by the gut microbiota. In the current study, we aimed to analyze the prebiotic properties of XOS when added to the broiler diet. Administration of XOS to chickens, in addition to a wheat-rye-based diet, significantly improved the feed conversion ratio. XOS significantly increased villus length in the ileum. It also significantly increased numbers of lactobacilli in the colon andClostridiumcluster XIVa in the ceca. Moreover, the number of gene copies encoding the key bacterial enzyme for butyrate production, butyryl-coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA):acetate CoA transferase, was significantly increased in the ceca of chickens administered XOS. In this group of chickens, at the species level,Lactobacillus crispatusandAnaerostipes butyraticuswere significantly increased in abundance in the colon and cecum, respectively.In vitrofermentation of XOS revealed cross-feeding betweenL. crispatusandA. butyraticus. Lactate, produced byL. crispatusduring XOS fermentation, was utilized by the butyrate-producingAnaerostipesspecies. These data show the beneficial effects of XOS on broiler performance when added to the feed, which potentially can be explained by stimulation of butyrate-producing bacteria through cross-feeding of lactate and subsequent effects of butyrate on gastrointestinal function.

Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere

1989 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Ojemann ◽  
Jeff Ojemann ◽  
E. Lettich ◽  
M. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Language Function ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Dominant Hemisphere ◽  
Content Type ◽  
A Current

✓ The localization of cortical sites essential for language was assessed by stimulation mapping in the left, dominant hemispheres of 117 patients. Sites were related to language when stimulation at a current below the threshold for afterdischarge evoked repeated statistically significant errors in object naming. The language center was highly localized in many patients to form several mosaics of 1 to 2 sq cm, usually one in the frontal and one or more in the temporoparietal lobe. The area of individual mosaics, and the total area related to language was usually much smaller than the traditional Broca-Wernicke areas. There was substantial individual variability in the exact location of language function, some of which correlated with the patient's sex and verbal intelligence. These features were present for patients as young as 4 years and as old as 80 years, and for those with lesions acquired in early life or adulthood. These findings indicate a need for revision of the classical model of language localization. The combination of discrete localization in individual patients but substantial individual variability between patients also has major clinical implications for cortical resections of the dominant hemisphere, for it means that language cannot be reliably localized on anatomic criteria alone. A maximal resection with minimal risk of postoperative aphasia requires individual localization of language with a technique like stimulation mapping.

scholarly journals Kefir reduces insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokine expression in an animal model of metabolic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3390-3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiana D. Rosa ◽  
Łukasz M. Grześkowiak ◽  
Célia L. L. F. Ferreira ◽  
Ana Carolina M. Fonseca ◽  
Sandra A. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Reduce Insulin Resistance

Kefir supplementation in rats with induced metabolic syndrome was able to lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin levels, and reduce insulin resistance.

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