scholarly journals Evaluation of Potential Indicators of Viral Contamination in Shellfish and Their Applicability to Diverse Geographical Areas

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1556-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Formiga-Cruz ◽  
A. K. Allard ◽  
A.-C. Conden-Hansson ◽  
K. Henshilwood ◽  
B. E. Hernroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Human Viruses

ABSTRACT The distribution of the concentration of potential indicators of fecal viral pollution in shellfish was analyzed under diverse conditions over 18 months in diverse geographical areas. These microorganisms have been evaluated in relation to contamination by human viral pathogens detected in parallel in the analyzed shellfish samples. Thus, significant shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe (Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) were defined and studied by analyzing different physicochemical parameters in the water and the levels of Escherichia coli, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain RYC2056 in the shellfish produced, before and after depuration treatments. A total of 475 shellfish samples were studied, and the results were statistically analyzed. According to statistical analysis, the presence of human viruses seems to be related to the presence of all potential indicators in the heavily contaminated areas, where E. coli would probably be suitable as a fecal indicator. The F-RNA phages, which are present in higher numbers in Northern Europe, seem to be significantly related to the presence of viral contamination in shellfish, with a very weak predictive value for hepatitis A virus, human adenovirus, and enterovirus and a stronger one for Norwalk-like virus. However, it is important to note that shellfish produced in A or clean B areas can sporadically contain human viruses even in the absence of E. coli or F-RNA phages. The data presented here will be useful in defining microbiological parameters for improving the sanitary control of shellfish consumed raw or barely cooked.

scholarly journals Seasonal Detection of Human Viruses and Coliphage in Newport Bay, California

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6468-6474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunny C. Jiang ◽  
Weiping Chu ◽  
Jian-Wen He
Keyword(s):  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Water Recreation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) currently used to indicate water quality in the coastal environment may be inadequate to reflect human viral contamination. Coliphage was suggested as a better indicator of human viral pollution and was proposed by the U.S. EPA as an alternative indicator for fecal pollution in groundwater. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of FIB, F+ coliphage, and PCR-detectable human adenovirus and enterovirus for an entire year at 15 locations around the Newport Bay watershed, an important southern California estuary for water recreation and an ecological reserve. Peak concentrations and prevalences of FIB and F+ coliphage were associated with winter storms (wet weather). Human adenoviruses and enteroviruses, however, were detected by PCR in ∼5% of samples collected in the summer (dry weather) but only once in wet weather. These results demonstrated that FIB and coliphage have similar seasonal and freshwater-to-saltwater distribution patterns, while the detection of human viruses depends on a distribution pattern that is the opposite of that of FIB and coliphage. This research suggested that coliphage and FIB share similar environmental sources, while sources of human viruses in Newport Bay are perhaps different.

Evaluating spatial-temporal variations and correlation between fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in marine bathing beaches

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingfeng Fan ◽  
Hongxia Ming ◽  
Lili Li ◽  
Jie Su
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Different Levels

The horizontal distribution and temporal variation of bacterial indicators (total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), enterococcus (EC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)) were investigated to identify the proper bacterial indicators for a marine bathing beach in China. Two different sampling efforts were conducted during dry weather and two large rain events at Xinghai Bathing Beach in Dalian, China. Samples were collected from three different water depths and analyzed for the four indicator bacteria. The results indicated that all four bacterial indicators exceeded the single sample standards at different levels. Specifically, the water quality exceeded the standard for TC, FC, EC and E. coli in 7%, 28%, 38% and 10% of the samples, respectively. Comparison of the rate of the indicators before and after rainfall revealed a significant increasing post-rainfall. The concentrations of bacteria differed significantly with distance from the shoreline, with knee-depth near the shore exceeding the standard most frequently. This was primarily due to contamination by excessive sewage discharge and rainfall. Based upon the concentration of indicators and exceedance rates, as well as the correlation between indicators, both EC and FC should be evaluated at the same time as fecal pollution bacterial indicators in marine bathing beaches in China.

Determination of Norovirus Contamination in Oysters from Two Commercial Harvesting Areas over an Extended Period, Using Semiquantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES A. LOWTHER ◽  
KATHLEEN HENSHILWOOD ◽  
DAVID N. LEES
Keyword(s):  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Production Areas

The human health risk associated with the consumption of molluscan shellfish grown in sewage-contaminated waters is well established. Noroviruses, which cause gastroenteritis, are the principal agents of shellfish-related illness. Fecal-indicator quality standards based on Escherichia coli are well established in Europe and elsewhere. However, norovirus outbreaks after consumption of shellfish meeting these standards still occur, and the need to improve consumer health protection is well recognized. Alternative approaches proposed include direct monitoring of viral pathogens and the use of alternative indicator organisms capable of providing a better indication of virus risk. This study applies a recently developed TaqMan PCR assay to assess norovirus contamination in shellfish. Comparison was made with E. coli as the existing sanitary standard and a male-specific RNA bacteriophage as a possible alternative. Two commercial pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) harvesting areas were monitored over a 31-month period. The results show peaks of norovirus contamination in both areas during winter months, with average levels approximately 17 times higher in oysters sampled October to March than during the remainder of the year, consistent with epidemiological data for the United Kingdom showing oyster-associated illness is confined to winter months. While there was no apparent association with E. coli, an association between levels of norovirus contamination and the male-specific RNA bacteriophage was noted, with average norovirus levels over 40 times higher in samples with male-specific RNA bacteriophage counts of >1,000 PFU/100 g than in samples with <100 PFU/100 g. Overall, these results suggest that norovirus monitoring in shellfish production areas could be an effective strategy for reduction of virus risk.

Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2682-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fongaro ◽  
M. A Nascimento ◽  
A. Viancelli ◽  
D. Tonetta ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The present study evaluated the contamination of a surface water lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, by human adenovirus (HAdV), polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus species A (RVA). Efforts were driven to determine the correlation between viral presence and the physicochemical parameters of the lagoon and measure the distribution of these viruses throughout the year (June 2010 to May 2011). A total of 48 samples were collected, concentrated and analyzed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Approximately 96% of the samples were positive for HAdV (46/48), 65% were positive for RVA (31/48), 21% were positive for JCPyV (10/48) and 12% were positive for HAV (6/48). The presence of JCPyV was positively correlated with that of NO2−N, and also there was a positive correlation between the presence of each one of the viruses (HAdV, HAV and RVA) in winter. Samples from water dedicated for human consumption and recreation tested positive for HAdV by qPCR. These samples were also subjected to viral integrity and viability assays: 83% (10/12) contained intact viral particles and 66% (8/12) contained infectious particles. Our results demonstrate the release of human waste into water sources, justifying the urgent need to add viral parameters to water quality surveillance.

scholarly journals Quantification of human norovirus GII, human adenovirus, and fecal indicator organisms in wastewater used for irrigation in Accra, Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea I. Silverman ◽  
Mark O. Akrong ◽  
Philip Amoah ◽  
Pay Drechsel ◽  
Kara L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Human Specific

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is frequently used to estimate health risks associated with wastewater irrigation and requires pathogen concentration estimates as inputs. However, human pathogens, such as viruses, are rarely quantified in water samples, and simple relationships between fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen concentrations are used instead. To provide data that can be used to refine QMRA models of wastewater-fed agriculture in Accra, stream, drain, and waste stabilization pond waters used for irrigation were sampled and analyzed for concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (human-specific Bacteroidales, Escherichia coli, enterococci, thermotolerant coliform, and somatic and F+ coliphages) and two human viruses (adenovirus and norovirus genogroup II). E. coli concentrations in all samples exceeded limits suggested by the World Health Organization, and human-specific Bacteroidales was found in all but one sample, suggesting human fecal contamination. Human viruses were detected in 16 out of 20 samples, were quantified in 12, and contained 2–3 orders of magnitude more norovirus than predicted by norovirus to E. coli concentration ratios assumed in recent publications employing indicator-based QMRA. As wastewater irrigation can be beneficial for farmers and municipalities, these results should not discourage water reuse in agriculture, but provide motivation and targets for wastewater treatment before use on farms.

scholarly journals Distribution of Human Virus Contamination in Shellfish from Different Growing Areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 5990-5998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Formiga-Cruz ◽  
G. Tofiño-Quesada ◽  
S. Bofill-Mas ◽  
D. N. Lees ◽  
K. Henshilwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT Viral pollution in shellfish has been analyzed simultaneously across a wide range of geographical regions, with emphasis on the concomitant variations in physicochemical characteristics and social features. The methods for sample treatment and for the detection of human enteric viruses were optimized by the participating laboratories. The second part of this study involves the selection of a protocol for virus detection, which was validated by analyzing the distribution and concentration of human viral pathogens under diverse conditions during an 18-month period in four European countries. Shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe were defined and studied, and the microbiological quality of the shellfish was analyzed. Human adenovirus, Norwalk-like virus, and enterovirus were identified as contaminants of shellfish in all the participating countries. Hepatitis A virus was also isolated in all areas except Sweden. The seasonal distribution of viral contamination was also described. Norwalk-like virus appeared to be the only group of viruses that demonstrated seasonal variation, with lower concentrations occurring during warm months. The depuration treatments currently applied were shown to be adequate for reducing Escherichia coli levels but ineffective for the elimination of viral particles. The human adenoviruses detected by PCR correlate with the presence of other human viruses and could be useful as a molecular index of viral contamination in shellfish.

STUDI PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS AIR BERSIH DALAM KAITANYA DENGAN AKTIVITAS MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR SUMBER AIR PADA DESA WAINITU, BATUMERAH, AMAHUSU, DAN HALONG

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Lela Uyara ◽  
Pieter Kunu ◽  
Silwanus M Talakua
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Standard Quality

The study aims to determine the quality of clean water in the villages of Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong by comparing the result of water quality analysis with water quality standard. Water quality analysis includes Physiscal, Chemical, and Microbiological parameters. This research uses descriptive method, this method describes systematics, accurate about facts and characteristic of the quality of clean water of each research location. The results showed that the source of clean water in the village of Batumerah did not meet the standard of clean water quality standards indicated by the number of E. coli and the high total coliform.  Keywords: standard quality of clean water, water quality, Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong villages   ABSTRAK Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menetapkan kualitas air bersih di Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, dengan membandingkan hasil analisis kualitas air dengan standar baku mutu air bersih. Analisis kualitas air meliputi parameter fisika, kimia dan mikrobiologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif; metode ini menggambarkan sicara sistematis, akurat, fakta dan karakteristik mengenai kualitas air bersih di masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber air bersih di Desa Batumerah tidak memenuhi standar baku mutu air bersih yang ditunjukkan oleh jumlah E. coli dan total Koliform yang tinggi. Kata Kunci: baku mutu air bersih, Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, kualitas air

The Microbial Quality of a Wetland Reclamation Facility Used to Produce an Effluent for Unrestricted non-Potable Reuse

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fujioka ◽  
A. J. Bonilla ◽  
G. K. Rijal
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Wetland Reclamation ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Influent Water ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
To Receive

An auxiliary Wetland Reclamation Facility (WRF) was constructed to receive stabilization pond treated sewage and further treat it with water hyacinth ponds, chemical flocculation, filtration and ultraviolet light disinfection. This was the first facility in Hawaii which was approved to produce the highest quality reclaimed water using alternative treatment schemes. We assessed the effectiveness of the WRF by monitoring water samples after each of the WRF treatment schemes for five genetically different groups of sewage borne microorganisms (fecal coliform, enterococci, C. perfringens, FRNA phage, total heterotrophic bacteria). The concentrations of all fecal indicator microoganisms, especially FRNA phase were low in the influent water to the WRF indicating that extended pond treatment may be especially effective in removing human viruses from sewage. The WRF treatment scheme was calculated to be able to reduce >99.99% of fecal coliform and therefore was able to produce an effluent meeting the non-potable, unrestricted reuse standard of a geometric means of <1 fecal coliform/100 ml.

Becoming a Community Musician

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Camlin ◽  
Katherine Zesersen
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Community Music ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Democratic Pedagogy ◽  
Situated Perspective

In this chapter, we outline an approach to training in community music that is congruent with its pluralistic and diverse character. From the situated perspective of Sage Gateshead, a large music organization in the north of the United Kingdom, we reflect on some of the ways that musicians have developed the skills, knowledge, and attitudes to become effective practitioners of community music. Rooted in a dialogic and democratic pedagogy, the training processes described herein recognize the highly individualized nature of community music practices, and are underpinned by the explicitly humanistic values and attitudes that unite them.

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