scholarly journals Rotavirus vaccines: an overview.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Midthun ◽  
A Z Kapikian
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Multivalent Vaccine ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Human Rotavirus

Rotavirus vaccine development has focused on the delivery of live attenuated rotavirus strains by the oral route. The initial "Jennerian" approach involving bovine (RIT4237, WC3) or rhesus (RRV) rotavirus vaccine candidates showed that these vaccines were safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic but induced highly variable rates of protection against rotavirus diarrhea. The goal of a rotavirus vaccine is to prevent severe illness that can lead to dehydration in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. These studies led to the concept that a multivalent vaccine that represented each of the four epidemiologically important VP7 serotypes might be necessary to induce protection in young infants, the target population for vaccination. Human-animal rotavirus reassortants whose gene encoding VP7 was derived from their human rotavirus parent but whose remaining genes were derived from the animal rotavirus parent were developed as vaccine candidates. The greatest experience with a multivalent vaccine to date has been gained with the quadrivalent preparation containing RRV (VP7 serotype 3) and human-RRV reassortants of VP7 serotype 1, 2, and 4 specificity. Preliminary efficacy trial results in the United States have been promising, whereas a study in Peru has shown only limited protection. Human-bovine reassortant vaccines, including a candidate that contains the VP4 gene of a human rotavirus (VP4 serotype 1A), are also being studied.

scholarly journals Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope H. Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Increased Risk

SUMMARY Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine licensed in the United States, RotaShield, was withdrawn from the market after 14 months because of its association with intussusception. Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006: the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Both vaccines have demonstrated very good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials in western industrialized countries and in Latin America. Careful surveillance has not revealed any increased risk of intussusception in the vaccinated groups with either vaccine. The new rotavirus vaccines are now introduced for routine use in a number of industrialized and developing countries. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.

Safety and Efficacy of High-dose Rhesus-Human Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccines-Report of the National Multicenter Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. A38-A38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Rennels ◽  
Roger I. Glass ◽  
Penelope H. Dennehy ◽  
David I. Bernstein ◽  
Michael E. Pichichero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Medical Office

In the January 1996 article titled "Safety and Efficacy of High-dose Rhesus Human Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccines—Report of the National Multicenter Trial" (Rennels et al. Pediatrics, 1996:97:7-13), the Acknowledgments section on page 12 included an incorrect location for one member of the United States Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group, and another member was inadvertently omitted. The correct list should include: Stephen Fries, MD, Boulder Medical Center, Boulder, CO; and Hervey Froehlich, MD, Kaiser Permanente Medical Office, Fresno, CA.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Progress Made on the Coronavirus Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 03042
Author(s):  
Yu Fang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a critical economic crash around the globe, affecting billions of people worldwide. Without a cure, the number of cases continues to increase exponentially. Countries, including the United States, Brazil, and India, currently lead in the number of cases with numbers soaring in the millions. Immunization is crucial to preventing the spread of infectious diseases and can help a large number of individuals quickly while keeping current cases under control. Following the publication of the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development has been accelerated at an unprecedented rate. 115 vaccine candidates are currently under study with the hope of finding an ideal solution and mitigating the Coronavirus incidence rate. With some vaccine candidates having more potential than others, this review focuses on the characterization of different vaccine options. The analysis of probable vaccines, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vaccines, is conducted, and the scientific reasoning behind the vaccines is also discussed. In this review, the latest strategy vaccine is introduced and the effective vaccines are analysed.

scholarly journals Consensus Report on Shigella Controlled Human Infection Model: Introduction and Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_8) ◽  
pp. S577-S579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calman A MacLennan ◽  
Anastazia Older Aguilar ◽  
A Duncan Steele
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Consensus Report

Abstract In recent years, controlled human infection models (CHIMs) have become available for a range of infectious agents and have proved invaluable for understanding the disease process, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of immunity. CHIM studies have also contributed significantly to advancing development of a number of vaccines by providing an indication of vaccine efficacy. The Shigella CHIM has been established in 3 sites in the United States, and it is likely that the CHIM will play an important regulatory role for advancing the range of Shigella vaccine candidates that are currently in development. This supplement describes the harmonization of best practices across sites, with a view to maximizing the contribution that CHIM studies can make to Shigella vaccine development.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Zika Virus Vaccines

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Garg ◽  
Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz ◽  
Anjali Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Short Period

The recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and associated microcephaly in newborns has resulted in an unprecedented effort by researchers to target this virus. Significant advances have been made in developing vaccine candidates, treatment strategies and diagnostic assays in a relatively short period of time. Being a preventable disease, the first line of defense against ZIKV would be to vaccinate the highly susceptible target population, especially pregnant women. Along those lines, several vaccine candidates including purified inactivated virus (PIV), live attenuated virus (LAV), virus like particles (VLP), DNA, modified RNA, viral vectors and subunit vaccines have been in the pipeline with several advancing to clinical trials. As the primary objective of Zika vaccination is the prevention of vertical transmission of the virus to the unborn fetus, the safety and efficacy requirements for this vaccine remain unique when compared to other diseases. This review will discuss these recent advances in the field of Zika vaccine development.

scholarly journals Influenza vaccines: the potential benefits of cell-culture isolation and manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 251513552090812
Author(s):  
Sankarasubramanian Rajaram ◽  
Constantina Boikos ◽  
Daniele K. Gelone ◽  
Ashesh Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Culture Technology

Influenza continues to cause severe illness in millions and deaths in hundreds of thousands annually. Vaccines are used to prevent influenza outbreaks, however, the influenza virus mutates and annual vaccination is required for optimal protection. Vaccine effectiveness is also affected by other potential factors such as the human immune system, a mismatch with the chosen candidate virus, and egg adaptation associated with egg-based vaccine production. This article reviews the influenza vaccine development process and describes the implications of the changes to the cell-culture process and vaccine strain recommendations by the World Health Organization since the 2017 season. The traditional manufacturing process for influenza vaccines relies on fertilized chicken eggs that are used for vaccine production. Vaccines must be produced in large volumes and the complete process requires approximately 6 months for the egg-based process. In addition, egg adaptation of seed viruses occurs when viruses adapt to avian receptors found within eggs to allow for growth in eggs. These changes to key viral antigens may result in antigenic mismatch and thereby reduce vaccine effectiveness. By contrast, cell-derived seed viruses do not require fertilized eggs and eliminate the potential for egg-adapted changes. As a result, cell-culture technology improves the match between the vaccine virus strain and the vaccine selected strain, and has been associated with increased vaccine effectiveness during a predominantly H3N2 season. During the 2017–2018 influenza season, a small number of studies conducted in the United States compared the effectiveness of egg-based and cell-culture vaccines and are described here. These observational and retrospective studies demonstrate that inactivated cell-culture vaccines were more effective than egg-based vaccines. Adoption of cell-culture technology for influenza vaccine manufacturing has been reported to improve manufacturing efficiency and the additional benefit of improving vaccine effectiveness is a key factor for future policy making considerations.

scholarly journals Rotavirus Vaccination in the NICU: Where Are We? A Rapid Review of Recent Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s380-s380
Author(s):  
lanie Sicard ◽  
Kristina Bryant ◽  
Martha Muller ◽  
Caroline Quach
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Relative Safety

Background: Rotavirus is a leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants. Neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are at risk of rotavirus infections with severe outcomes. The administration of rotavirus vaccines is only recommended, in the United States and Canada, upon discharge from the NICU despite rotavirus vaccine being proven safe and effective in these populations, due to risks of live-attenuated vaccine administration in immunocompromised patients and theoretical risks of rotavirus vaccines strains shedding and transmission. We summarized recent evidence regarding rotavirus vaccines administration in the NICU setting and safety of rotavirus vaccines in preterm infants. Methods: We conducted a rapid review of the literature from the past 10 years, searching Medline and Embase, including all study types except reviews, reporting on rotavirus vaccine 1 and rotavirus vaccine 5; NICU setting; shedding or transmission; and/or safety in preterm. One reviewer performed data extraction and quality assessment. Results: In total, 31 articles were analyzed. Vaccine-derived virus shedding following rotavirus vaccination existed for nearly all infants, mostly during the first week after dose 1, with rare transmission described only in the household setting. No case of transmission in the NICU was reported. Adverse events were mild to moderate, occurring in 10%–60% of vaccinated infants. Extreme premature infants or with underlying gastrointestinal failure requiring surgery presented more severe adverse events. Conclusions: Recommendations regarding rotavirus vaccine administration in the NICU should be reassessed in light of the relative safety and absence of transmission of rotavirus vaccine strains in the NICU.Funding: NoneDisclosures: Sicard Mélanie: I reference the use of rotavirus vaccines in the NICU setting, which is not recommended; I discuss possible reassessment of these recommendations.

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