scholarly journals Comparison of Molecular Characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Specimens Collected from the United States and China

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 3891-3893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yan ◽  
Hongmei Sun ◽  
Stella Lee ◽  
Rangaraj Selvarangan ◽  
Xuan Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
The U.S

Mycoplasma pneumoniae-positive clinical specimens obtained from the United States and China during the same period were studied for their molecular characteristics. We found much more diverse genotypes and a lower prevalence of macrolide resistance in the U.S. specimens. Data from the study also showed an association of the resistance with certain genotypes.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isolates in the United States from 2012 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Xiao ◽  
A. E. Ratliff ◽  
D. M. Crabb ◽  
E. Mixon ◽  
X. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mlva Type ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia. There are limited data in the United States on the molecular epidemiological characteristics of M. pneumoniae. We collected 446 M. pneumoniae-positive specimens from 9 states between August 2012 and October 2018. Culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, P1 subtyping, and multilocus VNTR (variable-number tandem repeats) analysis (MLVA) were performed to characterize the isolates. Macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMp) was detected in 37 (8.3%) specimens. P1 subtype 2 (P1-2) was the predominant P1 subtype (59.8%). P1 subtype distribution did not change significantly chronologically or geographically. The macrolide resistance rate in P1 subtype 1 (P1-1) samples was significantly higher than that in P1-2 (12.9% versus 5.5%). Six P1-2 variants were identified, including two novel types, and variant 2c was predominant (64.6%). P1-2 variants were distributed significantly differently among geographic regions. Classical P1-2 was more frequent in lower respiratory tract specimens and had longer p1 trinucleotide repeats. Classical P1-2 was most common in MRMp (35.7%), while variant 2c was most common in macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (67.5%). Fifteen MLVA types were identified; 3-5-6-2 (41.7%), 4-5-7-2 (35.3%), and 3-6-6-2 (16.6%) were the major types, and four MLVA clusters were delineated. The distribution of MLVA types varied significantly over time and geographic location. The predominant MLVA type switched from 4-5-7-2 to 3-5-6-2 in 2015. MLVA type was associated with P1 subtypes and P1-2 variant types but not with macrolide resistance. To investigate the M. pneumoniae genotype shift and its impact on clinical presentations, additional surveillance programs targeting more diverse populations and prolonged sampling times are required.

scholarly journals Investigations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in the United States: Trends in Molecular Typing and Macrolide Resistance from 2006 to 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen H. Diaz ◽  
Alvaro J. Benitez ◽  
Jonas M. Winchell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
The United States ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis a leading cause of respiratory infections, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Currently, pathogen-specific testing is not routinely performed in the primary care setting, and the United States lacks a systematic surveillance program forM. pneumoniae. Documentation of individual cases and clusters typically occurs only when severe illness and/or failure to improve with empirical antibiotic therapy is observed. Outbreaks, some lasting for extended periods and involving a large number of cases, occur regularly. However, many more likely go unrecognized due to the lack of diagnostic testing and structured reporting. We reviewed data from 17 investigations of cases, small clusters, and outbreaks ofM. pneumoniaeinfections that were supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 2006 and 2013. We examined 199M. pneumoniae-positive specimens collected during this time period in order to identify trends in antimicrobial resistance and circulating types. Overall, macrolide resistance was identified in approximately 10% ofM. pneumoniaeinfections occurring during this time period. Typing of strains revealed cocirculation of multiple multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and P1 types throughout this period, including diversity in types detected within individual outbreaks. Three MLVA types (4572, 3562, and 3662) accounted for 97% of the infections during the study period. A systematic surveillance program is necessary to understand the burden ofM. pneumoniaedisease in the United States, facilitate case and outbreak identification, and inform appropriate therapeutic and infection control strategies.

scholarly journals The performance of consumers' cooperatives in America

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
John Pencavel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Labor Statistics ◽  
Bureau Of Labor Statistics ◽  
Methods Of Operation ◽  
The U.S

PurposeThe purpose is to evaluate the performance of consumers' cooperatives in the United States over the last 100 years. This evaluation is based on an overlooked series of surveys undertaken by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics between 1920 and 1950. Where possible, the series are brought up to date.Design/methodology/approachThe surveys did not follow a single consistent organization. Therefore, the observations require rearrangement so that a single meaningful design is achieved.FindingsIn a number of instances, consumers' cooperatives have not merely survived but thrived. Indeed, some of their original and continuing methods of operation have been copied and adopted by firms that are not cooperatives.Originality/valueThe series constructed are original and singular. The author knows of no such comparable data.

scholarly journals Estimating the Size of the U.S. Market for New Antibiotics with Activity against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J. Clancy ◽  
M. Hong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antibiotic Development ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

ABSTRACT New antibiotics with activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) improve outcomes of CRE-infected patients. However, companies developing these drugs have faced financial difficulties. Sales of ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, and plazomicin in the United States totaled $101 million from February 2018 to January 2019. We estimate that the current annual U.S. market for new anti-CRE antibiotics is $289 million (range, $169 to $439 million). Without new antibiotic development models and/or reimbursement reform, the majority of anti-CRE drugs will be commercially inviable.

scholarly journals A big-data analysis of political rhetoric relating the developments of the United States, China, and global powers

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-243
Author(s):  
Patrick Carter ◽  
Jeffrie Wang ◽  
Davis Chau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
The United States ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
World Power ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThe similarities between the developments of the United States (U.S.) and China into global powers (countries with global economic, military, and political influence) can be analyzed through big data analysis from both countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not China is on the same path to becoming a world power like what the U.S. did one hundred years ago.Design/methodology/approachThe data of this study is drawn from political rhetoric and linguistic analysis by using “big data” technology to identify the most common words and political trends over time from speeches made by the U.S. and Chinese leaders from three periods, including 1905-1945 in U.S., 1977-2017 in U.S. and 1977-2017 in China.FindingsRhetoric relating to national identity was most common amongst Chinese and the U.S. leaders over time. The differences between the early-modern U.S. and the current U.S. showed the behavioral changes of countries as they become powerful. It is concluded that China is not a world power at this stage. Yet, it is currently on the path towards becoming one, and is already reflecting characteristics of present-day U.S., a current world power.Originality/valueThis paper presents a novel approach to analyze historical documents through big data text mining, a methodology scarcely used in historical studies. It highlights how China as of now is most likely in a transitionary stage of becoming a world power.

scholarly journals Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the United States as Determined from a National Surveillance Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Waites ◽  
A. Ratliff ◽  
D. M. Crabb ◽  
L. Xiao ◽  
X. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT There are sparse data to indicate the extent that macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMp) occurs in the United States or its clinical significance. Between 2015 and 2018, hospitals in 8 states collected and stored respiratory specimens that tested positive for M. pneumoniae and sent them to the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where real-time PCR was performed for detection of 23S rRNA mutations known to confer macrolide resistance. MRMp was detected in 27 of 360 specimens (7.5%). MRMp prevalence was significantly higher in the South and East (18.3%) than in the West (2.1%). A2063G was the predominant 23S rRNA mutation detected. MICs for macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (MSMp) were ≤0.008 μg/ml, whereas MICs for MRMp were 16 to 32 μg/ml. Patients with MRMp infection were more likely to have a history of immunodeficiency or malignancy. Otherwise, there were no other significant differences in the clinical features between patients infected with MRMp and those infected with MSMp, nor were there any differences in radiographic findings, hospitalization rates, viral coinfections, the mean duration of antimicrobial treatment, or clinical outcomes. There was no significant change in MRMp incidence over time or according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, or status as an inpatient or an outpatient. Patients with MRMp were more likely to have received a macrolide prior to presentation, and their treatment was more likely to have been changed to a fluoroquinolone after presentation. This is the first national surveillance program for M. pneumoniae in the United States. Additional surveillance is needed to assess the clinical significance of MRMp and to monitor changes in MRMp prevalence.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae Isolates from Rice Grown in the United States Reveals Substantial Divergence from Known X. oryzae Pathovars

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 3930-3937 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Triplett ◽  
J. P. Hamilton ◽  
C. R. Buell ◽  
N. A. Tisserat ◽  
V. Verdier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThe speciesXanthomonas oryzaeis comprised of two designated pathovars, both of which cause economically significant diseases of rice in Asia and Africa. AlthoughX. oryzaeis not considered endemic in the United States, anX. oryzae-like bacterium was isolated from U.S. rice and southern cutgrass in the late 1980s. The U.S. strains were weakly pathogenic and genetically distinct from characterizedX. oryzaepathovars. In the current study, a draft genome sequence from two U.S.Xanthomonasstrains revealed that the U.S. strains form a novel clade within theX. oryzaespecies, distinct from all strains known to cause significant yield loss. Comparative genome analysis revealed several putative gene clusters specific to the U.S. strains and supported previous reports that the U.S. strains lack transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors. In addition to phylogenetic and comparative analyses, the genome sequence was used for designing robust U.S. strain-specific primers, demonstrating the usefulness of a draft genome sequence in the rapid development of diagnostic tools.

scholarly journals Isothermal Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Directly from Respiratory Clinical Specimens

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2970-2976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna L. Petrone ◽  
Bernard J. Wolff ◽  
Alexandra A. DeLaney ◽  
Maureen H. Diaz ◽  
Jonas M. Winchell
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Care Facilities

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) across patient populations of all ages. We have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay that enables rapid, low-cost detection ofM. pneumoniaefrom nucleic acid extracts and directly from various respiratory specimen types. The assay implements calcein to facilitate simple visual readout of positive results in approximately 1 h, making it ideal for use in primary care facilities and resource-poor settings. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 100 fg by testing serial dilutions of target DNA ranging from 1 ng to 1 fg per reaction, and no cross-reactivity was observed against 17 otherMycoplasmaspecies, 27 common respiratory agents, or human DNA. We demonstrated the utility of this assay by testing nucleic acid extracts (n= 252) and unextracted respiratory specimens (n= 72) collected duringM. pneumoniaeoutbreaks and sporadic cases occurring in the United States from February 2010 to January 2014. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 88.5% tested on extracted nucleic acid and 82.1% evaluated on unextracted clinical specimens compared to a validated real-time PCR test. Further optimization and improvements to this method may lead to the availability of a rapid, cost-efficient laboratory test forM. pneumoniaedetection that is more widely available to primary care facilities, ultimately facilitating prompt detection and appropriate responses to potentialM. pneumoniaeoutbreaks and clusters within the community.

Governance and public health: implications for targeting smoking in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Ahmad Khanijahani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Major Public Health Concern ◽  
Governance Tools ◽  
The U.S

PurposeThe purpose of this viewpoint is to discuss and analyze three major governance tools that have been implemented in the United States to target tobacco smoking as a major public health concern.Design/methodology/approachThe author highlights the negative consequences of smoking as a global and U.S public health concern and discusses three categories of governance tools implemented in the U.S. Additionally, emerging challenges in the U.S. and different sides of story in developing countries are underscored.FindingsAlthough some success has been reached in controlling smoking-related mortalities and morbidities in the U.S. and most of the countries, long-term and sustainable improvement require active surveillance and constant implementation of evidence-based policies and programs.Practical implicationsThis viewpoint discusses the governance tools that can be implemented to decrease smoking-related preventable mortalities and morbidities. Similar tools with some tuning can be used to target smoking in other nations. Additionally, these tools can be modified to target other public health-related wicked problems such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and traffic accidents.Originality/valueThis viewpoint highlights the magnitude of smoking as a major public health concern and underscores the necessity of using governance tools in targeting this issue. Additionally, it provides application examples from the United States implementable in other countries with some contextual justifications and tuning.

scholarly journals Ixodes persulcatus Ticks as Vectors for the Babesia microti U.S. Lineage in Japan

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6624-6632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Zamoto-Niikura ◽  
Shigeru Morikawa ◽  
Ken-Ichi Hanaki ◽  
Patricia J. Holman ◽  
Chiaki Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
The United States ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Babesiosis ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThe U.S. lineage, one of the major clades in theBabesia microtigroup, is known as a causal agent of human babesiosis mostly in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States. This lineage, however, also is distributed throughout the temperate zone of Eurasia with several reported human cases, although convincing evidence of the identity of the specific vector(s) in this area is lacking. Here, the goal was to demonstrate the presence of infectious parasites directly in salivary glands ofIxodes persulcatus, from which U.S. lineage genetic sequences have been detected in Asia, and to molecularly characterize the isolates. Five PCR-positive specimens were individually inoculated into hamsters, resulting in infections in four; consequently, four strains were newly established. Molecular characterization, including 18S rRNA, β-tubulin, andCCT7gene sequences, as well as Western blot analysis and indirect fluorescent antibody assay, revealed that all four strains were identical to each other and to the U.S. lineage strains isolated from rodents captured in Japan. The 18S rRNA gene sequence from the isolates was identical to those fromI. persulcatusin Russia and China, but the genetic and antigenic profiles of the Japanese parasites differ from those in the United States and Europe. Together with previous epidemiological and transmission studies, we conclude thatI. persulcatusis likely the principal vector for theB. microtiU.S. lineage in Japan and presumably in northeastern Eurasia.IMPORTANCEThe major cause of human babesiosis, the tick-borne blood parasiteBabesia microti, U.S. lineage, is widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. However, the specific tick vector(s) remains unidentified in Eurasia, where there are people with antibodies to theB. microtiU.S. lineage and cases of human babesiosis. In this study, the first isolation ofB. microtiU.S. lineage fromIxodes persulcatusticks, a principal vector for many tick-borne diseases, is described in Japan. Limited antigenic cross-reaction was found between the Japan and United States isolates. Thus, current serological tests based on U.S. isolates may underestimateB. microtioccurrence outside the United States. This study and previous studies indicate thatI. persulcatusis part of theB. microtiU.S. lineage life cycle in Japan and, presumably, northeastern Eurasia. This report will be important for public health, especially since infection may occur through transfusion, and also to researchers in the field of parasitology.

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