scholarly journals Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Shollie Falkenberg ◽  
Alexandra Buckley ◽  
Leonardo C. Caserta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Nasal Secretions

The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. Current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. Understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Here we demonstrated that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an animal species in which the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) – the SARS-CoV-2 receptor – shares a high degree of similarity to humans, are highly susceptible to infection. Intranasal inoculation of deer fawns with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in established subclinical viral infection and shedding of infectious virus in nasal secretions. Notably, infected animals transmitted the virus to non-inoculated contact deer. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues 21 days post-inoculation (pi). All inoculated and indirect contact animals seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibodies as early as day 7 pi. The work provides important insights into the animal host range of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies white-tailed deer as a susceptible wild animal species to the virus. IMPORTANCE Given the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the human-animal-environment interface of COVID-19 pandemic is an area of great scientific and public- and animal-health interest. Identification of animal species that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate the potential origin of the virus, identify potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts, and define the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Additionally, it may also provide information and help to prevent potential reverse zoonosis that could lead to the establishment of a new wildlife hosts. Our data show that upon intranasal inoculation, white-tailed deer became subclinically infected and shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in nasal secretions and feces. Importantly, indirect contact animals were infected and shed infectious virus, indicating efficient SARS-CoV-2 transmission from inoculated animals. These findings support the inclusion of wild cervid species in investigations conducted to assess potential reservoirs or sources of SARS-CoV-2 of infection.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Shollie Falkenberg ◽  
Alexandra Buckley ◽  
Leonardo C. Caserta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Nasal Secretions

AbstractThe origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. Current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. Understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Here we demonstrated that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an animal species in which the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) – the SARS-CoV-2 receptor – shares a high degree of similarity to humans, are highly susceptible to infection. Intranasal inoculation of deer fawns with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in established subclinical viral infection and shedding of infectious virus in nasal secretions. Notably, infected animals transmitted the virus to non-inoculated contact deer. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues 21 days post-inoculation (pi). All inoculated and indirect contact animals seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibodies as early as day 7 pi. The work provides important insights into the animal host range of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies white-tailed deer as a susceptible wild animal species to the virus.IMPORTANCEGiven the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the human-animal-environment interface of COVID-19 pandemic is an area of great scientific and public- and animal-health interest. Identification of animal species that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate the potential origin of the virus, identify potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts, and define the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Additionally, it may also provide information and help to prevent potential reverse zoonosis that could lead to the establishment of a new wildlife hosts. Our data show that upon intranasal inoculation, white-tailed deer became subclinically infected and shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in nasal secretions and feces. Importantly, indirect contact animals were infected and shed infectious virus, indicating efficient SARS-CoV-2 transmission from inoculated animals. These findings support the inclusion of wild cervid species in investigations conducted to assess potential reservoirs or sources of SARS-CoV-2 of infection.

scholarly journals Guinea pigs experimentally infected with vaccinia virus replicate and shed, but do not transmit the virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1060
Author(s):  
Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti ◽  
Adriéli Wendlant ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccinia Viruses ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Vesicular Disease

The origin of vaccinia viruses (VACV) associated with vesicular disease in cattle and humans in Southeast Brazil remains uncertain, yet the role of wild species in virus transmission has been suggested. This study investigated the susceptibility and transmission potential by guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) - phylogenetically close to an abundant Brazilian rodent (Cavia aperea) - to two VACV strains (P1V and P2V) isolated from an outbreak of cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil. Eight guinea pigs inoculated intranasally with P1V and P2V (10(6) TCID50.ml-1) did not develop clinical signs, but six animals shed virus in nasal secretions (day 1 to 9 post-inoculation - pi), developed viremia (between days 1 and 10 pi) and seroconverted to VACV. In spite of virus replication and shedding, the virus was not transmitted to sentinel animals by direct or indirect contact (aerosols) or through food and water contaminated with virus. These results demonstrate that, in spite of replicating and shedding the virus, guinea pigs do not transmit the virus upon experimental inoculation. This finding makes unlikely a possible participation of related species in VACV maintenance and transmission in nature.

scholarly journals Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosols

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Hawks ◽  
Aaron J. Prussin ◽  
Sarah C. Kuchinsky ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
Linsey C. Marr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Kinetics Of

Respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted in respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are released during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. Non-contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, suggesting transmission in aerosols. Here we demonstrate that golden Syrian hamsters emit infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols, prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild clinical signs of disease. The emission rate is 25 infectious virions/hour on days 1 and 2 post-inoculation, with viral RNA levels 200-fold higher than infectious virus in aerosols. Female hamsters have delayed kinetics of viral shedding in aerosols compared to male hamsters. The majority of virus is contained within aerosols <8 microns in size. Thus, we provide direct evidence that, in hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus.

scholarly journals Experimental Reproduction of Haemophilus Parasuis Infection in Swine: Clinical, Bacteriologic, and Morphologic Findings

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Vahle ◽  
Joseph S. Haynes ◽  
John J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Experimental Reproduction ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Macroscopic Findings

Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of polyserositis and polyarthritis in swine. Little is known about the mucosal and systemic sites of replication and lesions which follow an aerosol exposure to H. parasuis. In this experiment 5–week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with an inoculum containing 2 × 109 colony-forming units of H. parasuis. Two principals and one control pig were necropsied at 12, 36, 84, and 108 hours postinoculation (PI) and samples obtained for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination. Inoculated pigs developed clinical signs of inappetence, reluctance to move, lameness, and a serous nasal discharge. Macroscopic findings included a fibrinous polyserositis and polyarthritis 36 hours PI which became progressively more severe at 84 and 108 hours PI. No lung lesions were grossly visible. Microscopic lesions included a mild purulent rhinitis at each post inoculation interval and fibrinous to fibrinopurulent synovitis and serositis at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. A focal suppurative bronchopneumonia was observed in one pig examined at 36 hours PI. The nasal cavity and trachea were the only mucosal sites from which H. parasuis was reisolated. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from the blood and systemic sites at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. Findings presented indicate that intranasal inoculation of 5-week-old CDCD pigs with H. parasuis results in clinical signs and lesions of polyserositis and polyarthritis typical of field cases and is a useful model for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis. The results also suggest that H. parasuis initially colonizes the nasal mucosa.

scholarly journals Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Widagdo ◽  
Nisreen M. A. Okba ◽  
Mathilde Richard ◽  
Dennis de Meulder ◽  
Theo M. Bestebroer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Livestock Animal

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the Middle East. Although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to MERS-CoV, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. In this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of MERS-CoV. In line with the presence of MERS-CoV receptor in the rabbit nasal epithelium, high levels of viral RNA were shed from the nose following virus inoculation. However, unlike MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, these rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations including nasal discharge and did shed only limited amounts of infectious virus from the nose. Consistently, no transmission by contact or airborne routes was observed in rabbits. Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission.

scholarly journals Genome Variation and Molecular Epidemiology ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Pathovariants

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Branchu ◽  
Matt Bawn ◽  
Robert A. Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genome Variation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium is one of approximately 2,500 distinct serovars of the genusSalmonellabut is exceptional in its wide distribution in the environment, livestock, and wild animals.S. Typhimurium causes a large proportion of nontyphoidalSalmonella(NTS) infections, accounting for a quarter of infections, second only toS. entericaserovar Enteritidis in incidence.S. Typhimurium was once considered the archetypal broad-host-rangeSalmonellaserovar due to its wide distribution in livestock and wild animals, and much of what we know of the interaction ofSalmonellawith the host comes from research using a small number of laboratory strains of the serovar (LT2, SL1344, and ATCC 14028). But it has become clear that these strains do not reflect the genotypic or phenotypic diversity ofS. Typhimurium. Here, we review the epidemiological record ofS. Typhimurium and studies of the host-pathogen interactions of diverse strains ofS. Typhimurium. We present the concept of distinct pathovariants ofS. Typhimurium that exhibit diversity of host range, distribution in the environment, pathogenicity, and risk to food safety. We review recent evidence from whole-genome sequencing that has revealed the extent of genomic diversity ofS. Typhimurium pathovariants, the genomic basis of differences in the level of risk to human and animal health, and the molecular epidemiology of prominent strains. An improved understanding of the impact of genome variation of bacterial pathogens on pathogen-host and pathogen-environment interactions has the potential to improve quantitative risk assessment and reveal how new pathogens evolve.

scholarly journals Class-specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally infected lambs

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sharma ◽  
Z. Woldehiwet
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Lung Lavage ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Syncytial Virus

SUMMARYEnzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) was used to titrate virus-specific IgG, IgM and IgA levels in nasal secretions, lung lavage fluids and serum samples sequentially obtained from lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Virus-specific IgG and IgM responses were measured by the indirect double antibody sandwich ELISA using anti-bovine RSV monoclonal antibody, as capture antibody, and peroxidase-conjugated anti-sheep IgG and anti-sheep IgM. Virus-specific IgA antibodies were measured by antibody capture assay using anti-sheep IgA (α–chain specific) and anti-bovine RSV monoclonal antibodies.Bovine RSV-specific IgM and IgA antibodies were detected in the serum samples within 6 days post-inoculation (p.i.). Virus-specific IgC antibodies appeared in serum samples 4 days later. In nasal secretions, IgA antibodies appeared 7 days p.i. but IgM antibodies were not detected until 12–16 days p.i. In serum samples, IgM titres were predominant for the first 2 weeks p.i. IgC titres becoming predominant thereafter. In nasal secretions and lung lavage fluids, IgA titres were significantly higher than IgM or IgG titres up to 21 days p.i. (0·01).

Influence of blood clearance rates on interferon production and virulence of Mengo virus plaque mutants in mice

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Campbell ◽  
Julieta G. Buera ◽  
Frances M. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Small Plaque ◽  
Large Plaque ◽  
Mengo Virus ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes

The spread of infectious virus in the tissues of mice after infection with two serologically very similar plaque mutants of Mengo virus has been determined at daily intervals. The distribution of L-Mengo (a large-plaque, virulent mutant) after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration was quite similar, indicating that after intraperitoneal injection this mutant spreads throughout the animal by way of the vascular system. Infectious virus was recovered from all tissues examined except the liver. In contrast, S-Mengo (small-plaque, avirulent) was recovered only from the spleen and lymph nodes after either intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. After intravenous injection, L-Mengo was cleared only very slowly from the bloodstream and at a rate similar to that of two strains of poliovirus. On the other hand, intravenously injected S-Mengo was completely cleared within 30 min. Starting at around 4 h post-inoculation, high titers of interferon were induced in the serum by L-Mengo, reaching a peak by 12 h and remaining elevated for at least another 12 h before declining. Since little or no interferon was found in the serum after intravenous injection of S-Mengo, heat- or ultraviolet-inactivated L-Mengo, or poliovirus types 1 and 3, it was concluded that the presence of circulating, replicating virus was required for induction. The significance of these results is discussed.

scholarly journals Multiple spillovers and onward transmission of SARS-Cov-2 in free-living and captive White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh V Kuchipudi ◽  
Meera Surendran-Nair ◽  
Rachel M Ruden ◽  
Michele Yon ◽  
Ruth H Nissly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
North America ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retropharyngeal Lymph Node ◽  
Free Living

Many animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and could potentially act as reservoirs, yet transmission in non-human free-living animals has not been documented. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the predominant cervid in North America, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and experimentally infected fawns transmit the virus to other captive deer. To test the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may be circulating in deer, we evaluated 283 retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) samples collected from 151 free-living and 132 captive deer in Iowa from April 2020 through December of 2020 for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Ninety-four of the 283 deer (33.2%; 95% CI: 28, 38.9) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA as assessed by RT-PCR. Notably, between Nov 23, 2020, and January 10, 2021, 80 of 97 (82.5%; 95% CI 73.7, 88.8) RPLN samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing of the 94 positive RPLN samples identified 12 SARS-CoV-2 lineages, with B.1.2 (n = 51; 54.5%), and B.1.311 (n = 19; 20%) accounting for ~75% of all samples. The geographic distribution and nesting of clusters of deer and human lineages strongly suggest multiple zooanthroponotic spillover events and deer-to-deer transmission. The discovery of sylvatic and enzootic SARS-CoV-2 transmission in deer has important implications for the ecology and long-term persistence, as well as the potential for spillover to other animals and spillback into humans. These findings highlight an urgent need for a robust and proactive One Health approach to obtaining a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

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