scholarly journals Experimental Reproduction of Haemophilus Parasuis Infection in Swine: Clinical, Bacteriologic, and Morphologic Findings

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Vahle ◽  
Joseph S. Haynes ◽  
John J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Experimental Reproduction ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Macroscopic Findings

Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of polyserositis and polyarthritis in swine. Little is known about the mucosal and systemic sites of replication and lesions which follow an aerosol exposure to H. parasuis. In this experiment 5–week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with an inoculum containing 2 × 109 colony-forming units of H. parasuis. Two principals and one control pig were necropsied at 12, 36, 84, and 108 hours postinoculation (PI) and samples obtained for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination. Inoculated pigs developed clinical signs of inappetence, reluctance to move, lameness, and a serous nasal discharge. Macroscopic findings included a fibrinous polyserositis and polyarthritis 36 hours PI which became progressively more severe at 84 and 108 hours PI. No lung lesions were grossly visible. Microscopic lesions included a mild purulent rhinitis at each post inoculation interval and fibrinous to fibrinopurulent synovitis and serositis at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. A focal suppurative bronchopneumonia was observed in one pig examined at 36 hours PI. The nasal cavity and trachea were the only mucosal sites from which H. parasuis was reisolated. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from the blood and systemic sites at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. Findings presented indicate that intranasal inoculation of 5-week-old CDCD pigs with H. parasuis results in clinical signs and lesions of polyserositis and polyarthritis typical of field cases and is a useful model for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis. The results also suggest that H. parasuis initially colonizes the nasal mucosa.

Airborne-induced experimental Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in Strain 13 guineapigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Trahan ◽  
E. H. Stephenson ◽  
J. W. Ezzell ◽  
W. C. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Model System ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Colony Forming Units

To evaluate the efficacy of a commercial bacterial vaccine in protecting Strain 13 guineapigs against fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia, it was necessary to establish the infectivity and disease pathogenesis induced by virulent organisms. When guineapigs were exposed to small-particle aerosols of varying concentrations of virulent B. bronchiseptica, a spectrum of disease was produced that ranged from inapparent illness to fulminant bronchopneumonia. Clinical signs began by day 4 after exposure, and were evidenced by anorexia, weight loss, respiratory distress and serous to purulent nasal discharge. Pathological alterations were limited to the respiratory system. Moribund animals exhibited a suppurative necrotizing bronchopneumonia and necrotizing tracheitis. In animals that survived the challenge, the bacteria were eliminated from the lungs by day 28 but continued to persist in the laryngeal area and the trachea. The median infectious dose and the median lethal dose were estimated to be 4 colony-forming units (CFU) and 1314 CFU respectively. These data suggest that the guineapig will be a valuable model system in which to study interactions between Bordetella species and host cells as well as to evaluate potential B. bronchiseptica immunogens.

Histopathologic lesions in conventional pigs experimentally infected with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-L. Austin-Busse ◽  
A. Ladinig ◽  
G. Balka ◽  
S. Zoels ◽  
M. Ritzmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Group B ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Challenge Group

Summary Objective: In the present study various tissues of pigs were investigated for the presence of histopathologic lesions after an experimental infection with Haemophilus (H.) parasuis serovar 5. Material and methods: Conventional pigs (n = 36) were divided into a control group B (n = 9) and a challenge group A (n = 27), which was infected intratracheally. Pigs that did not die prior to study termination were euthanized on day 14 post inoculation. Postmortem samples of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, left tarsal joint capsule and brain were collected. Results: All but one pig with detectable histopathologic lesions (n = 11) showed typical macroscopic changes. Histopatho logic examination of all tissue samples identified pyelitis (n = 10), synovitis (n = 7) and meningitis (n = 7) and all those animals were euthanized prior to study termination. No histopathologic lesions were found in pigs of the control group. The correlations between pyelitis and meningitis, pyelitis and synovitis and synovitis and meningitis were significant (p < 0.001). No significant correlation could be observed between the histopathologic and the clinical examination of the joints. The investigation of samples from the joints by PCR was not significantly correlated with the observed synovitis. The clinical observation of neurologic signs was significantly correlated with meningitis (p = 0.03). A significant correlation (p < 0.001) could be detected between meningitis and the detection of H. parasuis by PCR in brain samples. Conclusions: H. parasuis constantly causes clinical signs and pathologic lesions as soon as it infects the brain while it can infect the joints without causing histopathologic lesions. Pigs with histopathologic lesions do not always show typical clinical signs. Only few studies described the finding of kidney lesions in pigs with Glässer’s disease and this is the first study to describe a pyelitis in pigs experimentally infected with H. parasuis. The observed pyelitis mainly occurred in acute cases.

scholarly journals Pasteurella multocida type A as the primary agent of pneumonia and septicaemia in pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 716-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
João X. de Oliveira Filho ◽  
Marcos A.Z. Morés ◽  
Raquel Rebelatto ◽  
Alais M.D. Agnol ◽  
Camila L.A. Plieski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Type A ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Primary Agent

Abstract: In order to understand better the pathological aspects and spread of Pasteurella multocida type A as the primary cause of pneumonia in pigs, was made an experiment with intranasal inoculation of different concentrations of inocula [Group (G1): 108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml; G2: 107 CFU/ml; G3: 106 CFU/ml and G4: 105 CFU/ml], using two pigs per group. The pigs were obtained from a high health status herd. Pigs were monitored clinically for 4 days and subsequently necropsied. All pigs had clinical signs and lesions associated with respiratory disease. Dyspnoea and hyperthermia were the main clinical signs observed. Suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, in some cases associated with necrosuppurative pleuropneumonia, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritic, were the most frequent types of lesion found. The disease evolved with septicaemia, characterized by septic infarctions in the liver and spleen, with the detection of P. multocida type A. In this study, P. multocida type A strain #11246 was the primary agent of fibrinous pleuritis and suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pericarditis and septicaemia in the pigs. All concentrations of inoculum used (105-108 CFU/ml) were able to produce clinical and pathological changes of pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis and septicemia in challenged animals.

Clinico-Haematological Alterations in Goats Affected with Ruminal Acidosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Chavelikar ◽  
G. C. Mandali ◽  
D. M. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Muscle Twitching ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in sheep and goats resulting into high mortality rate. In the present study, eight healthy farm goats and 24 goats presented to the TVCC of the college with clinical signs of ruminal acidosis like anorexia, tympany, increased pulse and respiratory rate, reduced body temperature, doughy rumen, enteritis, oliguria, grinding of teeth, purulent nasal discharge, muscle twitching, arched back, dehydration and recumbency with rumen liquor pH below 6 were examined for haematological alterations using autohaematoanalyzer. Among various haematological parameters evaluated from acidotic goats, the mean values of Hb (12.21±0.17 vs. 10.86±0.15 g/dl), TEC (14.28±0.16 vs. 12.04±0.36 ×106/ μl), TLC (13.43±0.11 vs. 11.11±0.27 ×103/μl), PCV (36.91±0.53 vs. 29.88±0.55%), neutrophils (64.54±0.93 vs. 28.13±0.92%), MCV (23.38±0.37 vs. 19.38±1.34 fl) and MCH (7.03±0.08 vs. 6.31±0.25 pg) were found significantly increased, while the mean values of lymphocytes (28.00±0.82 vs. 65.38±0.80%) and MCHC (24.55 ±0.26 vs. 34.88±0.97 g/dl) were decreased significantly from the base values of healthy goats. It was concluded that ruminal acidosis induced due to accidental heavy ingestion of readily fermentable carbohydrate rich grains and food waste significantly altered the haematological profile concurrent with clinical manifestations in goats, and hence can be used to assess the severity of the disease.

scholarly journals Performance of case definitions and clinical predictors for influenza surveillance among patients followed in a rural cohort in Senegal

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Florent Arinal ◽  
Cheikh Talla ◽  
Boris Gildas Hedible ◽  
Fatoumata Diene Sarr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Case Definitions

Abstract Background Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. However, a lack of epidemiological data remains for this pathology, and the performances of the influenza-like illness (ILI) case definitions used for sentinel surveillance have never been evaluated in Senegal. This study aimed to i) assess the performance of three different ILI case definitions, adopted by the WHO, USA-CDC (CDC) and European-CDC (ECDC) and ii) identify clinical factors associated with a positive diagnosis for Influenza in order to develop an algorithm fitted for the Senegalese context. Methods All 657 patients with a febrile pathological episode (FPE) between January 2013 and December 2016 were followed in a cohort study in two rural villages in Senegal, accounting for 1653 FPE observations with nasopharyngeal sampling and influenza virus screening by rRT-PCR. For each FPE, general characteristics and clinical signs presented by patients were collected. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) for the three ILI case definitions were assessed using PCR result as the reference test. Associations between clinical signs and influenza infection were analyzed using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Sore throat, arthralgia or myalgia were missing for children under 5 years. Results WHO, CDC and ECDC case definitions had similar sensitivity (81.0%; 95%CI: 77.0–85.0) and NPV (91.0%; 95%CI: 89.0–93.1) while the WHO and CDC ILI case definitions had the highest specificity (52.0%; 95%CI: 49.1–54.5) and PPV (32.0%; 95%CI: 30.0–35.0). These performances varied by age groups. In children < 5 years, the significant predictors of influenza virus infection were cough and nasal discharge. In patients from 5 years, cough, nasal discharge, sore throat and asthenia grade 3 best predicted influenza infection. The addition of “nasal discharge” as a symptom to the WHO case definition decreased sensitivity but increased specificity, particularly in the pediatric population. Conclusion In summary, all three definitions studies (WHO, ECDC & CDC) have similar performance, even by age group. The revised WHO ILI definition could be chosen for surveillance purposes for its simplicity. Symptomatic predictors of influenza virus infection vary according the age group.

scholarly journals Diagnosis, treatment and postsurgical complications in a dog with epileptic seizures and a naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abtin Mojarradi ◽  
Sofie Van Meervenne ◽  
Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet ◽  
Steven De Decker
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Dural Defect ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Tension Pneumocephalus ◽  
Postsurgical Complications

Abstract Background Naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele is usually a congenital anomaly consisting of a protrusion of cerebral tissue and meninges into the ethmoidal labyrinth. The condition is a rare cause of structural epilepsy in dogs. We report the clinical presentation, surgical intervention, postoperative complications and outcome in a dog with drug resistant epilepsy secondary to a meningoencephalocele. Case presentation A 3.3-year-old male neutered Tamaskan Dog was referred for assessment of epileptic seizures secondary to a previously diagnosed left-sided naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele. The dog was drug resistant to medical management with phenobarbital, potassium bromide and levetiracetam. Surgical intervention was performed by a transfrontal craniotomy with resection of the meningoencephalocele and closure of the dural defect. Twenty-four hours after surgery the dog demonstrated progressive cervical hyperaesthesia caused by tension pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis. Replacement of the fascial graft resulted in immediate resolution of the dog’s neurological signs. Within 5 months after surgery the dog progressively developed sneezing and haemorrhagic nasal discharge, caused by sinonasal aspergillosis. Systemic medical management with oral itraconazole (7 mg/kg orally q12h) was well-tolerated and resulted in resolution of the clinical signs. The itraconazole was tapered with no relapsing upper airway signs. The dog’s frequency of epileptic seizures was not affected by surgical resection of the meningoencephalocele. No treatment adjustments of the anti-epileptic medication have been necessary during the follow-up period of 15 months. Conclusions Surgical resection of the meningoencephalocele did not affect the seizure frequency of the dog. Further research on prognostic factors associated with surgical treatment of meningoencephaloceles in dogs is necessary. Careful monitoring for postsurgical complications allows prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of broiler chicks with Salmonella Typhimurium from pigeon (Columba livia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ◽  
Débora Nishi Machado ◽  
Elisângela De Souza Lopes ◽  
Ruben Horn Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 105 and 106 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Suk Lee ◽  
Vuong Nghia Bui ◽  
Duy Tung Dao ◽  
Ngoc Anh Bui ◽  
Thanh Duy Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Specimen Collection

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection. Results Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 103.5 HAD50/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5–8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs. Conclusions Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.

Susceptibility of Common Family Anatidae Bird Species to Clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus: An Experimental Infection Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Soda ◽  
Yukiko Tomioka ◽  
Chiharu Hidaka ◽  
Mayu Matsushita ◽  
Tatsufumi Usui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
High Pathogenicity

Abstract Background: There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6). Results: All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs. Conclusions: These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.

scholarly journals Experimental exposure of pregnant mares to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.T. Paweska ◽  
M.M. Henton ◽  
J.J. Van der Lugt
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Equine Arteritis Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Detectable Concentration ◽  
Specific Igg

Clinical, virological and serological responses were evaluated in 10 pregnant mares after different challenge exposures to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). The outcome of maternal infection on the progeny was also investigated. Mares were inoculated intranasally (n = 4), intramuscularly (n = 2), intravenously (n = 1), or contact-exposed (n = 3). All inoculated mares developed pyrexia, 5 showed mild clinical signs related to EAV infection and 2 remained asymptomatic. Viraemia was detected in all the inoculated animals and shedding of virus from the respiratory tract occurred in 6. Five mares were re-challenged intranasally 7 and 15 weeks after inoculation. Clinical signs of the disease in these mares were limited to mild conjunctivitis. After re-challenge, virus was recovered from buffy coat cultures of 2 mares 2-6 days after re-infection. EAV was not recovered from colostrum and milk samples during the 1st week post partum. All inoculated mares seroconverted to EAV 8-12 days post inoculation and also seroconverted after re-challenge. No clinical signs of EAV infection were observed in the 3 mares kept in close contact during the post-inoculation and re-challenge periods. Serum neutralising antibody to the virus was detected in 1 in-contact mare only, while a detectable concentration of specific IgG was found by ELISA in the colostrum of 1 of the other in-contact mares. Eight of the mares gave birth to clinically normal foals, although 1 was born prematurely. Shortly after birth, 7 foals developed fever and variable clinical signs; 5 foals became septicaemic and 3 of them died 2-5 days after birth, while the remaining 2 were euthanased at 1 month of age. EAV was not recovered from the placenta, from buffy coat fractions of blood collected from foals immediately after birth and 1-3 days later, or from a range of tissues taken from the 3 foals that died and 2 that were euthanased. Virus was not isolated from tissues collected from 1 mare and her foetus 3 weeks after this mare was re-challenged.

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