scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Davies ◽  
Dorothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Novel Antibiotics

SUMMARY Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance: Then and Now

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Kanika Sharma ◽  
Baitullah Abdali ◽  
Payal Kesharwani ◽  
Neha Mittal ◽  
Hemlata Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Development History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Resistance Data ◽  
Alexander Fleming

Antibiotics have been regarded as one of the major discoveries of the 20th century. But the problem that came attached with is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals and communities. The genetic makeup of microbes has benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and means of horizontal gene transmission to give rise to various mechanisms of resistance. Alexander Fleming upon accepting the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine said “It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them. There is a danger that an ignorant man may easily under dose himself and by exposing his microbes to non lethal quantities of the drug and make them resistant”. This review presents the multifaceted aspects of antibiotic resistance development, history, superbug and superresiatance and resistance data observed over the past years with an overt conclusion showing undeniable methods to overcome the discussed problem, glaringly striking that it is time to act.

States of reason and reasons of state

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukmini Bhaya Nair
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Context Sensitivity ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Past Half

Over the past half-century, Noam Chomsky has established a powerful intellectual presence in two apparently unrelated domains of discourse — the field of theoretical linguistics and the arena of anti-establishment politics. This paper examines Chomsky’s use of metaphor across these domains, arguing that in Chomsky’s work metaphor enables an undercover, perhaps even classically ‘anarchic’ dialogue between disciplines. Organizationally as well as psychologically, the two major inquiries into human nature undertaken by him are, the paper suggests, structured and unified in relation to each other via the seemingly innocuous agency of metaphor. The paper also traces Chomsky’s innovative production of metaphors to engage in dialogue with both the past and the future. To reconstruct Chomsky through his metaphors is to attempt to read him not as a doctrinaire Cartesian but as someone who has responded with extreme ‘context-sensitivity’ to changing circumstances in both his fields. Finally, the paper contends that a study of Chomsky’s metaphorical practice could, inter alia, offer unprecedented insights into the creative and essentially unified thought processes of a major 20th century thinker.

scholarly journals Versatility of Aminoglycosides and Prospects for Their Future

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei B. Vakulenko ◽  
Shahriar Mobashery
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

SUMMARY Aminoglycoside antibiotics have had a major impact on our ability to treat bacterial infections for the past half century. Whereas the interest in these versatile antibiotics continues to be high, their clinical utility has been compromised by widespread instances of resistance. The multitude of mechanisms of resistance is disconcerting but also illuminates how nature can manifest resistance when bacteria are confronted by antibiotics. This article reviews the most recent knowledge about the mechanisms of aminoglycoside action and the mechanisms of resistance to these antibiotics.

Fifty Years of Migration, Fifty Years of Waiting: Turkey, Germany and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Mandel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Past Half

This article describes and analyzes the complex relationship between Turkey, Germany, and the European Union over the past half-century. It asks why numerous other countries have jumped the queue and managed to gain entry, whereas Turkey has been left knocking at the door, presented with increasing obstacles through which it must pass. The role of Islam is examined as a motivating factor in the exclusion of Turkey. Also, the historical memory of the Ottoman Empire's relationship with Europe is discussed. The mixed reception and perceived problems of integration of the large population of people from Turkey and their descendants who arrived in the 1960s as "guestworkers" is put forth as a key obstacle to Turkey's admission to the European Union. Contradictions in policies and perceptions are highlighted as further impediments to accession.

scholarly journals Earth 2020: Science, society, and sustainability in the Anthropocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8683-8691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe D. Tortell
Keyword(s):  
Sustainability Science ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Earth Day ◽  
Economics And Politics ◽  
Past Half

April 22, 2020, marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day and the birth of the modern environmental movement. As we look back over the past half century, we can gain significant insights into the evolving human imprint on Earth’s biophysical systems, and the role of science and scientists in driving societal transitions toward greater sustainability. Science is a foundation for such transitions, but it is not enough. Rather, it is through wide collaborations across fields, including law, economics, and politics, and through direct engagement with civil society, that science can illuminate a better path forward. This is illustrated through a number of case studies highlighting the role of scientists in leading positive societal change, often in the face of strong oppositional forces. The past five decades reveal significant triumphs of environmental protection, but also notable failures, which have led to the continuing deterioration of Earth’s natural systems. Today, more than ever, these historical lessons loom large as we face increasingly complex and pernicious environmental problems.

Bacteria and fungi as insecticides

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Burges ◽  
R. A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Resistant Plant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Methods Of Control

The harmful role of insects as vectors of disease and destroyers of crops needs no emphasis. They can be combatted in many ways—by crop management techniques and by development of resistant plant strains, for example—but over the past half century increasing emphasis has been laid on the use of synthetic insecticides. These remain of crucial importance, but in recent years increasing attention has been directed to biological methods of control. This article reviews the possibilities of bacteria and fungi for destroying insects in the field and the degree of commercial success so far attained. This is an important complement to other methods of vegetative propagation discussed elsewhere in this issue by Professor J. P. Hudson.

Labor Factor of Production: Prolegomenato the Analysis of Quality Changes in the XXI Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Г. Родина ◽  
G. Rodina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article is devoted to the identification of qualitative changes in the labor factor of production in the conditions of the formation of the information society. Based on the analysis of changes in the economy over the past half century, the modification of the nature of labor towards its intellectualization and informationization has been considered.The new role of the labor factor of production and the formation of human capital are justified. The latter is treated as the capitalized value of labor force, as a socio-economic form of the human factor.

scholarly journals THE VIRTUOUS EMOTIONS OF EURIPIDES’ MEDEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
William Allan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Ethical Evaluation ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Metaphysics Of Morals ◽  
Past Half

The topic of ‘virtuous emotions’ might not seem the most obvious choice for a play featuring an unfaithful husband and a child-killing mother. Nonetheless, what I intend to consider here is how the emotional responses of various characters in the Medea shape our view of their moral character. The moral role of the emotions was clear to the ancient Greeks and, after a long interlude largely dominated by the idea that, as Kant claimed in The Metaphysics of Morals, ‘no moral principle is based…on any feeling whatsoever’, moral philosophy of the past half-century or so has returned to seeing the emotions as a central part of human experience and ethical evaluation.

Government and Private Enterprise in European Recovery

1950 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Rostow
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

I take it as a truism that for at least the past half century the relations between government and private enterprise in Europe have irregularly evolved in such a manner as to expand the role of government policy and action. Leaving aside the European countries which now have Communist governments and almost wholly socialized economies, this trend has been, in only small part, a matter of conscious or ideological development. Primarily, it has been the consequence of piecemeal adaptation of societies to the specific pressures and problems with which they have been confronted, latterly the problems of world depression, of war, and now of postwar adjustment.

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