Fifty Years of Migration, Fifty Years of Waiting: Turkey, Germany and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Mandel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Past Half

This article describes and analyzes the complex relationship between Turkey, Germany, and the European Union over the past half-century. It asks why numerous other countries have jumped the queue and managed to gain entry, whereas Turkey has been left knocking at the door, presented with increasing obstacles through which it must pass. The role of Islam is examined as a motivating factor in the exclusion of Turkey. Also, the historical memory of the Ottoman Empire's relationship with Europe is discussed. The mixed reception and perceived problems of integration of the large population of people from Turkey and their descendants who arrived in the 1960s as "guestworkers" is put forth as a key obstacle to Turkey's admission to the European Union. Contradictions in policies and perceptions are highlighted as further impediments to accession.

scholarly journals Undergraduate Econometrics Instruction: Through Our Classes, Darkly

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Angrist ◽  
Jörn-Steffen Pischke
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Classical Regression

The past half-century has seen economic research become increasingly empirical, while the nature of empirical economic research has also changed. In the 1960s and 1970s, an empirical economist's typical mission was to “explain” economic variables like wages or GDP growth. Applied econometrics has since evolved to prioritize the estimation of specific causal effects and empirical policy analysis over general models of outcome determination. Yet econometric instruction remains mostly abstract, focusing on the search for “true models” and technical concerns associated with classical regression assumptions. Questions of research design and causality still take a back seat in the classroom, in spite of having risen to the top of the modern empirical agenda. This essay traces the divergent development of econometric teaching and empirical practice, arguing for a pedagogical paradigm shift.

Kids Today

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half

Compared to 50 years ago, are children today better or worse at delaying gratification? If you answered “worse,” then you have company. Roughly 3 out of 4 parents believe that self-control has decreased over the past half-century. Likewise, when given a brief description of the famous marshmallow test, the same proportion of parents guess that preschoolers today are less able to delay gratification than their counterparts in the 1960s. Here's how one older gentleman described the decline of self-controlled behavior among kids of his generation. The children now love luxury; they have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love chatter in place of exercise. Children are now tyrants, not the servants of their households. They no longer rise when elders enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up dainties at the table, cross their legs, and tyrannize their teachers.

scholarly journals Trust in the European Union: Effects of the information environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brosius ◽  
Erika J van Elsas ◽  
Claes H de Vreese
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
News Media ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media

Over the past decade, the European Union has lost the trust of many citizens. This article investigates whether and how media information, in particular visibility and tonality, impact trust in the European Union among citizens. Combining content analysis and Eurobarometer survey data from 10 countries between 2004 and 2015, we study both direct and moderating media effects. Media tone and visibility have limited direct effects on trust in the European Union, but they moderate the relation between trust in national institutions and trust in the European Union. This relation is amplified when the European Union is more visible in the media and when media tone is more positive towards the European Union, whereas it is dampened when media tone is more negative. The findings highlight the role of news media in the crisis of trust in the European Union.

1968: Towards a General Secularism

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Simon During
Keyword(s):  
Capitalist Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Capitalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Radical Movement ◽  
Movement Politics

The numerous interpretations and evaluations of 1968 that have been developed over the past half-century can arguably be divided into two. On one side, there are those accounts that regard 1968 as the threshold across which an older form of modernity passed to become what student revolutionaries of the period began to call late capitalism; and although late capitalism itself quickly became a fissured thing, this view has become orthodox. On the other side, there are those who insist that ’68 was a Badiousian event, an outbreak of liberatory possibilities to which we not only have a responsibility to remain faithful, but which provided a template for later more or less insurrectionary movements; undoubtedly the strongest argument for ’68’s enduring radical meaning and potential has been made by Kristin Ross in her 2002 book, May ’68 and its Afterlives. This article is partly committed to arguing for a middle way between these two views. I accept that the processes leading to and following the events of 1968 triggered the development of a new kind of capitalist society as well as formed the template for the radicalisms we now have. This mediation might seem to involve a contradiction, but in the end it is more accurate not to see these two views as they see themselves, namely as enemies, but rather as dialectically and functionally united. Without the kind of capitalism that the 1960s triggered, no radical movement politics; without radical, post-communist movement politics, no such late capitalism. To see that, we need to think about ’68 in larger contexts and terms than is usual. I will call the context I wish to bring to bear general secularization.

scholarly journals Climate warming has led to the degradation of permafrost stability in the past half century over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youhua Ran ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Guodong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half

Abstract. Temperature increases cause a unique type of damage to permafrost. This damage is often expressed as the degradation of permafrost thermal stability, which is very important for engineering design, resource development, and environmental protection in cold regions. This study evaluates the degradation of permafrost stability over the QTP from the 1960s to the 2000s using estimated decadal mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) by integrating remote sensing-based estimates of mean annual land surface temperatures (MASTs), leaf area index (LAI) and fractional snow cover values, and decadal mean MAATs taken at 152 weather stations using geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results reflect a continuous rise of approximately 0.04 °C/a in the decadal mean MAAT values over the past half century. Climate warming has led to a reduction in permafrost stability in the past half century. The total degraded area of stability is approximately 153.76 x 104 km2, which corresponds to 87.98 % of the permafrost area in the 1960s. The stability of 75.24 % of the extremely stable permafrost, 89.56 % of the stable permafrost, 90.3 % of the sub-stable permafrost, 92.31 % of the transitional permafrost, and 32.8 % of the unstable permafrost has been reduced to lower levels of stability. Approximately 49.4 % of the unstable permafrost and 95.95 % of the extremely unstable permafrost has degraded to seasonally frozen ground. The sensitivity of the permafrost to climate is dependent on its stability level. The mean elevations of the extremely stable, stable, sub-stable, transitional, unstable, and extremely unstable permafrost areas increased by 88 m, 97 m, 155 m, 185 m, 161 m and 250 m, respectively. The degradation mainly occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s and from the 1990s to the 2000s. This degradation has led to increases in risks to infrastructure, increased flood risks, reductions in ecosystem resilience, and positive climate feedback effects. It therefore affects the well-being of millions of people and sustainable development at the Third Pole.

scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Davies ◽  
Dorothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Novel Antibiotics

SUMMARY Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.

scholarly journals Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youhua Ran ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Guodong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Thermal Condition ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Warm Permafrost ◽  
Thawing Permafrost ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half

Abstract. Air temperature increases thermally degrade permafrost, which has widespread impacts on engineering design, resource development, and environmental protection in cold regions. This study evaluates the potential thermal degradation of permafrost over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) from the 1960s to the 2000s using estimated decadal mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) by integrating remote-sensing-based estimates of mean annual land surface temperatures (MASTs), leaf area index (LAI) and fractional snow cover values, and decadal mean MAAT date from 152 weather stations with a geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results reflect a continuous rise of approximately 0.04 ∘C a−1 in the decadal mean MAAT values over the past half century. A thermal-condition classification matrix is used to convert modelled MAATs to permafrost thermal type. Results show that the climate warming has led to a thermal degradation of permafrost in the past half century. The total area of thermally degraded permafrost is approximately 153.76×104 km2, which corresponds to 88 % of the permafrost area in the 1960s. The thermal condition of 75.2 % of the very cold permafrost, 89.6 % of the cold permafrost, 90.3 % of the cool permafrost, 92.3 % of the warm permafrost, and 32.8 % of the very warm permafrost has been degraded to lower levels of thermal condition. Approximately 49.4 % of the very warm permafrost and 96 % of the likely thawing permafrost has degraded to seasonally frozen ground. The mean elevations of the very cold, cold, cool, warm, very warm, and likely thawing permafrost areas increased by 88, 97, 155, 185, 161, and 250 m, respectively. The degradation mainly occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s and from the 1990s to the 2000s. This degradation may lead to increased risks to infrastructure, reductions in ecosystem resilience, increased flood risks, and positive climate feedback effects. It therefore affects the well-being of millions of people and sustainable development at the Third Pole.

The Civics of Urban Planning

2012 ◽  
pp. 668-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Sirianni ◽  
Jennifer Girourd
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Robust Systems ◽  
Past Half

This article examines the major changes in public participation in urban planning in the United States at various points over the past half-century to track, analyses some of the core tools and practices, and highlights the persistent challenges in developing appropriately robust systems for engaging active publics in urban planning. The analysis reveals that while civic engagement in urban planning has generally been extended and enriched in the decades since the 1960s, cities vary considerably in how they incorporate civic engagement into planning processes.

scholarly journals 'Europe of the regions' an attempt to overcome antinomy of freedom and order: A reality or utopia

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-170
Author(s):  
Bojan Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic System ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Considerable Impact

Since the beginning of the European integration process until the present day the states have given up some significant elements of their sovereignty transferring an increasing number of authorities to the European institutions. The extended framework within which the rules of the European game are determined also exerts a considerable impact on the regions as integral units of the present-day complex states. Politically and economically powerful regions are more and more independent in the contemporary European political and economic space. This has created a distorted picture of 'Europe of the regions' where the regions and European institutions will establish direct contacts, making the role of states superfluous. In this paper, the author endeavors to offer a theoretical historical and philosophic frame for consideration of the attempts to overcome the antinomy of freedom and order both in the past and in the present, particularly analyzing the position and role of the regions in the European Union political and economic system.

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