Electrochemical reduction of 2,2'-dinitrophenyl ether and 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylamine at mercury cathodes

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromír Hlavatý ◽  
Jiří Volke ◽  
Viktor Bakos
Keyword(s):  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Negative Wave ◽  
Single Wave ◽  
Subsequent Chemical Reaction ◽  
The One

2,2'-Dinitrophenyl ether (I) is reduced at less negative potentials than 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylamine (II); the respective mechanism of their reduction differ essentially. (I) is electrolytically reduced in a single wave with an uptake of eight electrons per molecule, giving rise to a bishydroxylamine intermediate which undergoes an intramolecular disproportionation. The resulting 2-nitroso-2'-amino-diphenyl ether undergoes a chemical follow-up reaction leading on the one hand to dibenzo-(b,e)-(1,4,5)-oxadiazepine, on the other hand to a diphenylamine product (resulting by a chemical rearrangement) which reacts with reductants present in the solution and yields dihydrophenazine. It is merely by chance that in the electrolytical reduction of II dihydrophenazine also results in addition to other products. 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylamine (II) enables here, however, a partial electrolytical reduction in which 2-amino-2'-nitrophenylamine is formed in a single 6-electron wave. In the following, more negative wave, is clearly separated only in alkaline media, the other nitro group reduces with an uptake of 4 electrons to an intermediate which eliminates the hydroxylamine group with the corresponding electron pair. The subsequent chemical reaction leads to dihydrophenazine. This substance is the reduced form of an chemicaly and electrochemically reversible system, this system participates in the chemical reactions of reaction intermediates. Its regeneration readily proceeds at potentials more positive than the reduction potential of II. Phenazine is oxidized in the catholyte by the hydroxylamine set free to phenazine N-oxide. Nitrogen is thus eliminated in its elemental form via hydroxylamine from the substrate molecule.

scholarly journals MAPPING AND ENHANCING DESIGN STUDIES WITH PSI META-THEORETIC DESIGN FRAMEWORK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2007-2016
Author(s):  
Yoram Reich ◽  
Eswaran Subrahmanian
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Abstraction Level ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abstract Framework ◽  
Tools And Methods

AbstractDesign research as a field has been studied from diverse perspectives starting from product inception to their disposal. The product of these studies includes knowledge, tools, methods, processes, frameworks, approaches, and theories. The contexts of these studies are innumerable. The unit of these studies varies from individuals to organizations, using a variety of theoretical tools and methods that have fragmented the field, making it difficult to understand the map of this corpus of knowledge across this diversity.In this paper, we propose a model-based approach that on the one hand, does not delve into the details of the design object itself, but on the other hand, unifies the description of design problem at another abstraction level. The use of this abstract framework allows for describing and comparing underlying models of published design studies using the same language to place them in the right context in which design takes place and to enable to inter-relate them, to understand the wholes and the parts of design studies.Patterns of successful studies could be generated and used by researchers to improve the design of new studies, understand the outcome of existing studies, and plan follow-up studies.

scholarly journals Review and Categorization of Digital Applications in the Energy Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5350
Author(s):  
Paul Weigel ◽  
Manfred Fischedick
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
High Importance ◽  
The One

Digitalization is a transformation process which has already affected many parts of industry and society and is expected to yet increase its transformative speed and impact. In the energy sector, many digital applications have already been implemented. However, a more drastic change is expected during the next decades. Good understanding of which digital applications are possible and what are the associated benefits as well as risks from the different perspectives of the impacted stakeholders is of high importance. On the one hand, it is the basis for a broad societal and political discussion about general targets and guidelines of digitalization. On the other hand, it is an important piece of information for companies in order to develop and sustainably implement digital applications. This article provides a structured overview of potential digital applications in the German energy (electricity) sector, including the associated benefits and the impacted stakeholders on the basis of a literature review. Furthermore, as an outlook, a methodology to holistically analyze digital applications is suggested. The intended purpose of the suggested methodology is to provide a complexity-reduced fact base as input for societal and political discussions and for the development of new digital products, services, or business models. While the methodology is outlined in this article, in a follow-up article the application of the methodology will be presented and the use of the approach reflected.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Study of Language Use and Preferences among Nursing Lecturers and Students at Mzuzu University in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-198
Author(s):  
Agness C C Hara
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The One

This article reports on the insights gained from multilingual nursing lecturers and students at Mzuzu University in Malawi on the languages they use and prefer in a classroom setting. Research (Setati, Chitera and Essien, 2009; Chowdhury 2012) has found that both lecturers and students in multilingual and multicultural settings favour code-switching practices in the classroom setting. Code-switching is, therefore, an important phenomenon, which researchers should continue exploring because of the several distinctive attributes associated with it. The study adheres to qualitative and quantitative designs through the use of a questionnaire and follow-up interviews as methods of data collection. The results reveal that both lecturers and students favour code-switching from English to Chichewa during lectures. From both lecturers’ and students’ perspectives, code-switching helps to translate and clarify difficult concepts. It also helps to prepare students for the nursing profession. The study has some practical and pedagogical implications. On the one hand, it contributes some meaningful insights for language planners and policy-makers; on the other hand, the study sheds important light on the need to include the workplace dimension during language in education and language planning conversations. This study is also important because it addresses the issue of how code-switching might effectively be exploited as a communicative and pedagogical resource in instruction.

Concepts, Knowledge and Language in Healthcare Information Systems: Follow-up 30 Months Later

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
J.-R. Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Healthcare Information Systems ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe paper reviews the last IMIA-WG6 recommendations, issued along two themes: (1) how to better share common results and (2) how to conduct new research and development efforts. Some of the major discrepancies in the field are reviewed. The paper intends to offer insight into two areas, first, in the issue of knowledge representation and, second, in the science of meaning, incorporating the broad intersection of computational linguistics, semantics, conceptual approach, and denotation. The Ogden-Richards meaning triangle is used as a convenient organizing principle to maximize the scope of understanding among the different schools, particularly in areas of linguistics and semantics on the one side and denotation and conceptual approach on the other. In conclusion, there is a need for clarification and for more scientific pragmatism.

Self-Control and Enuresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammie Ronen ◽  
Giora Rahav ◽  
Yochanan Wozner
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One

This paper presents the link between self-control and childhood enuresis, assuming that enuresis is maintained by deficiencies in self-control skills, whether caused by physiological, behavioral, or cognitive components. Acquisition of self-control skills is proposed as helping in eliminating enuresis. Seventy-seven enuretic children (aged 7 to 14) were randomly assigned to three treatment modes (bell and pad, token economy, and cognitive therapy) and to one control group. The self-control skills of children and their parents and the frequency of enuresis were measured before and after treatment. Results showed a negative correlation between self-control and enuresis on the one hand and between the acquisition of self-control skills and recovery from enuresis on the other hand. The results also highlighted the need for a follow-up period to determine the different longer-term effects of treatments.

scholarly journals Evaluation of outpatient discharge in patients with cutaneous melanoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Nurimar C. Fernandes ◽  
Flauberto de Sousa Marinho
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stage Iiic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Melanoma In Situ ◽  
Stage Ia ◽  
The One

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate discharge in a group of patients with cutaneous melanoma according to recently established criteria. METHODS: we conducted an observational, cross-sectional study with 32 patients at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), between 1995 and 2013, in the following stages: IA (17 cases, 53.12%), IB (4 cases, 12.5%), IIA (3 cases, 9.37%), IIC (1 case, 3.12%), IIIB (1 case, 3.12%), IIIC (3 cases, 9.37%), melanomas in situ (2 cases, 6.25%), Tx (1 case, 3.12%). RESULTS: the follow-up time varied from one to 20 years (stage IA), five to 15 years (stage IB), six to 17 years (stage IIA), 20 years (stage IIC), 23 years (stage IIIB) and 14 to 18 years (stage IIIC). One melanoma in situ (subungueal) was discharged in the fourth year of follow-up and the other was promptly discharged. The Tx melanoma was followed for 12 years. We observed no relapses or recurrences in the period. CONCLUSION: although a controversial issue, it was possible to endorse the discharge of the patients since our follow-up time had already exceeded the one recommended by the other authors.

Electrochemical reduction of 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylmethane and 2,2'-dinitrobenzophenone at mercury electrodes

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Voigtländer ◽  
Jaromír Hlavatý ◽  
Jiří Volke ◽  
Viktor Bakos
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Group ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anodic Wave ◽  
Mercury Electrodes ◽  
Electron Reduction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

The last two compounds in a 5-membered series of aromatic dinitro compounds are reduced in a completely different manner at mercury electrodes. 2,2'-Dinitrodiphenylmethane (I) - in which a conjugation of both symmetrical moieties is ruled out - is electrolytically reduced in an eight-electron step to a bishydroxylamine this being most stable between pH 4.5 and 5.0. In processing the catholyte increase in concentration of this product leads to its intermolecular disproportionation, resulting in the formation of dibenzo[b, e]-1,2-diazepine 5-oxide (IV) and 2,2'-diaminodiphenylmethane (III). 2,2'-Dinitrobenzophenone (II) reduces at more positive potentials. Its preparative electrolysis in acetonitrile (with 0.1M-N(n-C4H9)4PF6 as supporting electrolyte) the application of which was made necessary by the low solubility of II in ethanol, proceeding in an anomalous way. In the most positive cathodic wave a radical anion results, the following cathodic wave corresponds to a 6-electron reduction of the one nitro group to an amino group while the other nitro group splits off as the anion NO-2 (this later giving an anodic wave). Its formation has been proved by standard addition in polarography and by a qualitative analytical test. The product which results through this electrode process and a follow-up chemical reaction is acridone. This in turn, reduces in the third, most negative 4-electron wave to dihydroacridine. The comparison of all substances studied in this series reveals that their reducibility decreases with respect to the link X, viz. in the sequence CO > O > S and CH2 > NH. The electrolytical reduction on mercury cathodes occurs in a similar manner with analogues where X = O, S or CH2. Here, the main intermediate is the bis-hydroxylamine the stability of which predetermines the structure of final products. The other group comprises the substances with X = CO and NH. Here the main intermediate is the 2-nitro-2'-amino-diphenyl-X which is formed in a 6-electron process taking place at one of the nitro groups. The follow-up cyclization reaction leading to seven-membered heterocyclic rings located between two benzene nuclei only occurs with analogues of the type X = CH2, O and S. A partial reduction of dinitro compounds of this series has been observed with the analogue containing the NH link although that with X = CO has generally good preconditions for this mechanism.

The Chronicity of Schizophrenia in North West India

1978 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kulhara ◽  
N. N. Wig
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Western World ◽  
North West ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The One

The results of a follow-up study of schizophrenics attending a centre in North West India are reported. The relevant literature is reviewed, The results were compared with two well-known studies, one from the United Kingdom and the other from Mauritius. The evidence presented suggests that the course taken by schizophrenia in a newly-developed city and its neighbourhood in this part of India is similar to the one seen in the Western world. This study does not support the view that chronicity of schizophrenia in non-European, non-white populations is different, at least in an urban setting.

scholarly journals Therapeutic challenges in Management of Subglottic Stenosis in Wegener's Granulomatosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Keyword(s):  
Wegener’S Granulomatosis ◽  
Balloon Dilatation ◽  
Wegener's Granulomatosis ◽  
Subglottic Stenosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Open Procedure ◽  
Laser Resection ◽  
The One ◽  
Rule Out

ABSTRACT Aims and objectives To report our experience on the treatment of subglottic stenosis (SS) in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Materials and methods We endoscopically treated five patients with SS due to WG. Out of 5, two patients were treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation, two patients underwent CO2 laser resection and dilatation and 1 patient underwent a cold steel resection and dilatation. Outcomes were assessed based on improvement in preoperative symptoms, complications, and need for additional procedures. Results Balloon dilatation was done in two patients. They are asymptomatic at follow-up and the one with tracheostomy is in the process of decannulation. The other two patients were treated with CO2 laser. Favorable outcome was obtained in one of the patient who is in the process of decannulation, the other developed recurrent stenosis at 3 years and is on tracheostomy. Cold steel resection was used to treat one patient. After undergoing multiple interventions, she developed severe stenosis and underwent an open procedure and is currently on tracheostomy. Conclusion Both use of balloon and laser resection are safe and successful method to manage soft, subglottic stenosis due to WG and avoids the need of open procedure. In our series balloon dilatation gave better outcomes as compared to Laser resection and dilatation. Regular follow-up is necessary to rule out recurrence. How to cite this article Nerurkar NK, Deshmukh S. Therapeutic challenges in Management of Subglottic Stenosis in Wegener's Granulomatosis. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(2):76-79.

De effectiviteit van oplossingsgericht werken en cliëntgeleide contractering bij coaching en advisering: lessen uit de psychotherapie

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Coert Visser ◽  
René Butter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Organizational Consultants ◽  
Solution Focused ◽  
The Way

The effectiveness of solution-focused working in coaching and consultancy The effectiveness of solution-focused working in coaching and consultancy C. Visser & R. Butter, Gedrag & Organisatie, volume 21, March 2008, pp. 35-55 Until now, little research has been done on the effectiveness of organizational consultancy and coaching. This study aims to make a contribution to the knowledge development in this area. A web-based questionnaire was administered with 158 clients of coaches and organizational consultants. Through this questionnaire, the relation was studied between, on the one hand, the way of contracting and the approach followed, and on the other hand the effectiveness of the project. One of the most striking conclusions is that a client-led way of working – which is one of the important characteristics of the solution-focused approach – in which the client directs the process while the advisor responds flexibly, is strongly associated with success. The article closes with some practical suggestions for advisors and for follow-up research.

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