Part XI.--The effect of iron deficient diets on the size of the red blood cells in rats and in the production of microcytic hypochromic anaemia in their offspring; a contribution to the study of congenital iron-deficiency anaemia in the human infant

Abstract Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder worldwide. The automated haematology analyser XN-30 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) was developed to detect malaria-infected red blood cells (RBCs) in human blood samples using flow cytometry. The optical system of the analyser detects autofluorescence (AF)-emitting RBCs containing iron-deficient haem groups and would aid in the diagnosis of anaemia resulting from iron deficiency. Here, an RBC-optical (RBO) channel was devised and implemented on the analyser. In vitro analyses showed that the analyser detected AF-emitting RBCs treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Furthermore, the analyser detected AF-emitting RBCs in mice fed a low iron diet and infected with a rodent malaria parasite; it could also be effectively used in humans. This study demonstrates that the analyser can quantitatively and reproducibly detect AF-emitting RBCs and measure other haematological parameters, suggesting its usefulness for the initial evaluation of latent iron deficiency anaemia in conjunction with the diagnosis of malaria.

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Reticulocyte Parameters in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemias Using Beckman Coulter DxH800 – A Study from Kerala, India

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (14) ◽

pp. 888-892

Author(s):

Blessy Mary Thomas ◽

Sheila Das ◽

Sunil Antony ◽

Alice David

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Response To Therapy ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Chronic Disorder ◽

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ◽

Hypochromic Anaemia

BACKGROUND Microcytic hypochromic anaemia is commonly due to iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disorder [ACD] and thalassaemic syndromes. Reticulocyte count reflects the erythropoietic activity of bone marrow and is thus useful in both diagnosing anaemias and monitoring bone marrow response to therapy METHODS All samples were selected from routine blood counts, and sent for investigation of anaemia, over a period of two years. These samples were run on the DxH800 (Beckman Coulter). 385 cases were selected for the study. Blood analysis for all these cases had been requested by general practitioners to investigate anaemia. These blood samples had been collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant vacutainers and processed within 2 hours of collection. Determination of red cell and reticulocyte parameters in all blood samples, was performed using the Beckman Coulter 7-part analyser [Unicell DxH 800]. RESULTS Of the 156 cases of microcytic hypochromic anaemia studied, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was present in 91 cases, anaemia of chronic disorder (ACD) in 50 cases, beta thalassemia trait (BTT) in 15 cases. Of the 50 ACD cases, 37 were associated with IDA. The control group comprised of 229 adult medical students (143 women and 103 men) with a median age of 18.84 ± 0.98 years. We also had 4 cases of other haemoglobinopathies, which were microcytic hypochromic, but were not included in our study as the number of cases was too less to be analysed. CONCLUSIONS New reticulocyte parameters are useful for evaluation of iron status and diagnosing iron deficiency anaemias. They also are reliable parameters for recognising subsets of anaemic patients thereby improving the management of anaemia. KEYWORDS Reticulocyte, Microcytic, Hypochromic, Anaemia, Beckman Coulter

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AYUVEDIYA APPROCH TOWARD IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA - A CASE STUDY

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/12933 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 983-986

Author(s):

Vd. Ruksar Piparvadiya ◽

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Common Type ◽

Shortness Of Breath ◽

Deficiency Anaemia

Iron deficiency anaemia is a common type of anaemia â€“ a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Anaemia symptoms like leave tired and shortness of breath. In Ayurveda, this can considered under the heading Pandu roga. A case of Iron deficiency anaemia with Ayurveda treatment was discussed here.

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Haematological Profile in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in Children

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v9i02.41941 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

Raju Kafle ◽

Anupama Bastola ◽

Ashok P Samdurkar ◽

Narayan Gautam ◽

Anuj Poudel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Severe Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ◽

Hypochromic Anaemia ◽

Haematological Profile ◽

Rbc Count

INTRODUCTION: The most common disorders presenting with microcytic hypochromic anaemia are iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and β-Thalassemia trait (β-TT), and each of them has different pathogenesis and treatment modality. Here we intend to see the haematological profile in microcytic hypochromic anaemia in children apart from IDA and Thalassemia with respect to age and gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 95 pediatric patients between the ages of 2 to 12 years with microcytic hypochromic anaemia were included in the study. Blood samples obtained from each patient were evaluated for various haematological and biochemical profiles along with haemoglobin electrophoresis. It was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study done for a period of 18 months from January 2019 to July 2020. RESULTS: Severe anaemia was seen in 55 (57.89%) cases, followed by 38 (40.00%) cases with moderate anaemia and 2 (2.11%) cases with mild anaemia. Majority of the cases showed IDA, which were 85 (89.5%) cases, followed by 6 (6.3%) cases with β-TT and 4 (4.2%) cases with β-TM. RBC count, hematocrit and RDW showed significant variation between IDA, β-TM and β-TT. Most number of correctly diagnosed cases were shown by Ricerca Index with 90 (94.74 %). CONCLUSION: Our study concludes RBC count and RDW, along with Srivasthava Index, Ricerca Index and RDW Index could be used as reliable indices to differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia and β-Thalassemia. Red cell indices, serum iron profile and haemoglobin electrophoresis complement each other for the precise diagnosis of underlying cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.

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Effect of the addition of Moringa Oleifera to fruit drinks on clinical parameters associated with iron deficiency anaemia in schoolchildren

Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición ◽

10.37527/2019.69.1.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 2-11

Author(s):

Karen Piedad Martínez Marciales ◽

Javier Andrés Soto ◽

Jhoalmis Sierra Castrillo ◽

Jonathan Gonzalo Olivieri Moncada ◽

Jaizul Carolina Galeano Arias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Low Income ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Deficiency Anaemia

Worldwide, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one the most significant nutritional maladies, especially in low and middle-income countries. This is mainly due to the associated morbidity, economic implications on the health system and the welfare state. One of the most prevalent causes of IDA in children is insufficient food intake, which has an obvious connection with the social environment. The main strategy in the management of this condition is counteracting such deficiency through the improvement of nutrition and family upbringing. Aiming to explore affordable, novel and straightforward approaches to treat this nutritional condition, we developed a descriptive study associated with the incorporation of Moringa Oleifera in homemade fruit beverages delivered to 32 children from low-income families, in order to assess the evolution of IDA, evaluating specific clinical parameters such as red blood cells volume, as well as hemoglobin, ferritin and serum iron levels, within a two months lapse. At the end of this period, we observed a significant statistical rise in the levels of all the assessed parameters, finding about a 1.3-fold increase in hemoglobin and ferritin levels and in red blood cells volume; serum iron was 1.1 times higher. These findings are demonstrative of the wide spectrum of the medicinal features of Moringa and establish a promising and accessible strategy easy to incorporate into the diet of families of children suffering this pathology. La anemia ferropénica (AF) es una de las carencias nutricionales más significativas a nivel mundial, especialmente en los países de bajos y medios ingresos, debido principalmente a la morbilidad asociada, las implicaciones en el sistema de salud y el estado de bienestar. Una de las causas más frecuentes de esta deficiencia en los niños es la ingesta insuficiente, que tiene una evidente conexión con el entorno social. La principal estrategia en el manejo de esta afección es contrarrestar esta deficiencia a través de la mejora de la nutrición y la educación familiar. Con el objetivo de explorar enfoques asequibles, novedosos y directos para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo asociado a la incorporación de la Moringa Oleifera en bebidas de frutas caseras que se suministraron a 32 niños de familias de bajos ingresos para hacerle seguimiento a la evolución de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro, evaluando parámetros clínicos específicos como el volumen de células rojas y los niveles de hemoglobina, ferritina y hierro sérico en un lapso de dos meses. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de todos los parámetros evaluados una vez finalizado el período de intervención. Al final del ensayo, observamos un aumento estadístico significativo en los niveles de todos los parámetros evaluados, encontrando un aumento de aproximadamente 1.3 veces en los niveles de hemoglobina y ferritina y en el volumen de los glóbulos rojos; el hierro sérico fue 1.1 veces mayor. Estos hallazgos son una demostración del amplio espectro de las características medicinales de la Moringa y establecen una estrategia prometedora y accesible, fácil de incorporar a la dieta de las familias de los niños que sufren esta patología.

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463 THE USE OF FERINJECT TO MANAGE IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURES

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afab116.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii8-ii13

Author(s):

O Meakin ◽

S Adejumo

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Patient Group ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Eligible Patient ◽

Blood Transfusions ◽

Neck Of Femur ◽

Improvement Project ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Femur Fractures ◽

Iron Deficient

Abstract Introduction Iron-deficiency anaemia is a condition that is regularly seen in patients admitted with neck of femur fractures (NOFF) and is associated with increased morbidity peri-operatively. Intravenous ferinject is a method of iron replacement that leads to a more rapid increase in haemoglobin than oral replacement, therefore is often more favourable in this patient group, leading to better patient outcomes. Method A quality improvement project was undertaken. An initial audit was conducted to analyse the demographic of patients with NOFF and to assess the current practice of the orthogeriatric team when managing iron deficiency anaemia. This reviewed NOFF patients admitted in July 2017. The indications and benefits of ferinject were distributed to the medical team, encouraging use clinically, and a further audit was performed 2 years later to compare outcomes and practice, reviewing patients with NOFF admitted July–September 2019. Results It was found that 87% of patients with NOFF are iron-deficient on admission, and that introducing the use of ferinject meant that 50% fewer blood transfusions were required. Additionally, it highlighted that those who received ferinject during their admission had a smaller range of discharge haemoglobin levels than those who did not. Finally, it was found that the use of ferinject did not affect the rates of readmission in the assessed patient cohort. Conclusions The introduction of the use of ferinject in NOFF patients with iron-deficiency anaemia leads to a reduction in the requirement of blood transfusions required and to a reduction of the range of discharge haemoglobin levels. Ferinject therefore aids in improved recovery of NOFF patients. It does not, however, appear to have any effect on readmission rates in this patient group. Further education is required amongst the orthogeriatric team about the indications and benefits of ferinject to ensure that all eligible patient receive ferinject, improving their recovery.

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Audit of the prevalence and investigation of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with heart failure in hospital practice

Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136867 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 96 (1134) ◽

pp. 206-211

Author(s):

Steny Simon ◽

Adam Ioannou ◽

Stuart Deoraj ◽

Sofia Metaxa ◽

Amit K J Mandal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Heart Failure Patients ◽

Qualitative Survey ◽

Retrospective Audit ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Iron Replacement

Purpose of the studyIron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients. The aim of our audit was to evaluate the current practice in diagnosis and assessment of IDA in patients admitted with heart failure.Study designWe conducted a retrospective audit of patients admitted to our hospital between January 2017 and June 2017 with a diagnosis of heart failure, and obtained data regarding each patient’s demographics and anaemic status. We also conducted a qualitative survey to assess healthcare professionals’ ability to diagnose IDA, and their knowledge of iron replacement in heart failure patients.ResultsOur audit identified 218 heart failure patients, nearly two-thirds (n=138, 63.3%) of which were anaemic. Of the 138 anaemic patients, only 40 had a full haematinic screen compared with 98 who had incomplete investigations (29% vs 71%, p=0.007). Iron studies were the most commonly performed haematinic investigation (n=87, 63%), and over half of these patients were iron deficient (n=49, 56.3%). Only 12 (24.5%) iron deficient patients were prescribed oral iron therapy, while 37 (75.5%) were left without iron replacement (X2=12.8, p=0.0003). Our survey demonstrated a lack of awareness among healthcare professionals with only 19.7% of participants being able to correctly define anaemia and 9.1% being aware of guidelines regarding treatment of IDA.ConclusionMany patients admitted to hospital with heart failure also have a concomitant diagnosis of anaemia. The aetiology of the underlying anaemia is often poorly investigated, and where IDA is identified it is poorly treated.

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Low prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among Inuit preschool children: Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, 2007–2008

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010002429 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1423 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Angela Pacey ◽

Hope Weiler ◽

Grace M Egeland

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Household Crowding ◽

Low Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveTo report the prevalence rates and correlates for anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Inuit preschool-aged children.DesignA cross-sectional study assessed iron intake, demographic information, medical history, anthropometrics, Hb, ferritin, C-reactive protein and antibodies toHelicobacter pylori.SettingSixteen selected Inuit communities in Nunavut Territory, Canada.SubjectsInuit (n388) aged 3–5 years randomly recruited from communities.ResultsAnaemia (3–4 years: Hb < 110 g/l; 5 years: Hb < 115 g/l) was prevalent in 16·8 % of children. The prevalence of ID (ferritin < 12 μg/l) was 18·0 % and that of IDA was 5·4 %. When ID was defined as ferritin <10 μg/l, 10·8 % of children were iron deficient and 3·3 % had IDA. In multiple logistic regression, boys were more likely to be iron deficient (OR = 2·28, 95 % CI 1·17, 8·25), but no other risk factor emerged for ID. Three- to 4-year-olds were less likely than 5-year-olds to have anaemia from causes other than ID (OR = 0·11, 95 % CI 0·08, 0·58). Anaemia from other causes was more common among children residing in crowded homes (OR = 2·30, 95 % CI 1·37, 12·31) and those treated for past-year ear infection (OR = 1·35, 95 % CI 1·05, 7·21).ConclusionsThe low prevalence of ID and IDA is encouraging, but efforts are still needed to reduce rates as they continue to be higher than general population rates. Household crowding and infections may contribute to anaemia and warrant further research.

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Some Properties of Human Platelet Monoamine Oxidase in Iron-Deficiency Anaemia

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0500479 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

pp. 479-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. B. H. Youdim ◽

D. G. Grahame-Smith ◽

H. F. Woods

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Monoamine Oxidase ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Heat Inactivation ◽

Binding Studies ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Platelet Monoamine Oxidase

1. Monoamine oxidase activity in platelets prepared from the blood of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia was significantly lowered when compared with that in platelets from normal subjects. 2. The Km values of the platelet enzyme for the substrates dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, phenylethylamine and kynuramine were similar for the platelet enzyme from iron-deficient and normal groups. 3. Heat-inactivation studies showed that the platelet monoamine oxidase from iron-deficient subjects was more labile to this treatment, when compared with the platelet enzyme from normal subjects. 4. The sensitivity of platelet monoamine oxidase to the inhibitors, clorgyline and deprenil, was increased in iron-deficiency anaemia. 5. Binding studies with the 14C-binding irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, deprenil, showed that the amount of enzyme capable of binding this inhibitor was lowered by 48% in platelets from iron-deficient patients when compared with platelets from normal subjects. 6. The results show that there is a lowered amount of active enzyme in platelets from iron-deficient subjects. It is suggested that iron is necessary either for the synthesis of monoamine oxidase apoenzyme or is a cofactor for an enzyme which attaches flavin—adenine dinucleotide covalently to the monoamine oxidase apoenzyme.

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Standardization & Development of Rat Model with Iron Deficiency Anaemia Utilising Commercial Available Iron Deficient Food

Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia ◽

10.13005/bbra/2722 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 71-77

Author(s):

Mansee Kapil Thakur ◽

Smital Sameer Kulkarni ◽

Nimain Mohanty ◽

Nitin. N. Kadam ◽

Niharika S. Swain

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Rat Model ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Test Group ◽

Peripheral Smear ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Body Weights ◽

Before And After

Many research centres have developed various animal models with Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) by using iron deficient feeds as well as different chemicals. Model for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in rats has been created by the use of iron elimination from diet components as much as possible. The present study elaborates and concludes the development of IDA rat model by investigating different parameters like body weight, haematological indices, peripheral smear, immunoassay studies and histopathological studies using commercially available iron deficient diet. 12 Wistar albino female rats weighing 180-200 gm were selected with normal haemoglobin range of 12 - 15 g/dL purchased from Bombay Veterinary College, Parel and divided into two groups – Control (3 no. of rats) and Test (9 no. of rats). The test group was fed with iron deficient diet (VRK Nutritional Solutions) whereas control group was fed with standard diet. The time duration of the study was 5 weeks (35 days) and 6 weeks (42 days). Retro orbital blood for both control and treated was drawn at both time intervals so as to analyse haematological and immunoassay studies. Peripheral smear staining was carried out to observe the gross morphology of RBCs for iron deficient and control rats. The body weights were recorded before and after treatment and statistical significance was calculated. Post exposure rats were dissected and organs like heart, kidney, liver, lungs and spleen were collected for histopathological analysis. Our results showed decreased levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), reticulocyte count, serum iron (SI), serum ferritin (SF) and an increase in total iron binding capacity (TIBC). in IDA animals exposed to 42 days of iron deficient diet. Significant difference (p<0.5) was observed in body weights of rats when compared with the data before and after treatment. The peripheral smear has indicated microcytic hypochromic RBCs in test group confirming development of IDA model. The histopathological results revealed the abnormality at cellular level like congestion of blood vessels in heart, congestion and centrilobular hepatocyte with inflammatory cell infiltration in liver, perivasculitis in lungs and decrease in white pulp in spleen whereas kidney were found normal. Our results clearly demonstrate iron deficient rat model when administered with IDA feed. This model can be used for estimation of efficiency of new food products and food supplements enriched with iron.

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