scholarly journals Early diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination associated with higher female mortality and no difference in male mortality in a cohort of low birthweight children: an observational study within a randomised trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Aaby ◽  
Henrik Ravn ◽  
Adam Roth ◽  
Amabelia Rodrigues ◽  
Ida Maria Lisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Male Mortality

Retesting the hypothesis that early Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccination increases female mortality: An observational study within a randomised trial

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Kjær Sørensen ◽  
Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer ◽  
Andreas Møller Jensen ◽  
Sebastian Nielsen ◽  
Ivan Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Female Mortality

scholarly journals Factors associated with birthweight and adverse pregnancy outcomes among children in rural Guinea-Bissau - a prospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dahl Stjernholm ◽  
Sanne Marie Thysen ◽  
Igualdino Da Silva Borges ◽  
Ane Bærent Fisker
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with higher mortality and morbidity, but there is limited data on the prevalence of LBW in rural Africa, where many births occur at home. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has non-specific effects. Studies suggest that maternal BCG-vaccination may affect the health of the child. Methods The present study is nested within a randomised trial in rural Guinea-Bissau: Pregnancies were registered at two-monthly village visits, where information on BCG scar status and other background factors were obtained. Children were enrolled in the trial and weighed at home within 72 h after birth. In this prospective observational study, we assessed factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and birthweight in binomial and linear regression models. Results Among 1320 women who had their BCG scar status assessed, 848 (64%) had a scar, 472 (36%) had no scar. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriages, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths) tended to be higher among BCG scar-negative women (13%) than among women with a BCG scar (10%), adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.29 (0.99–1.68). Birthweight was assessed for 628 (50%) of the 1232 live born children. The mean birthweight was 2.89 kg (SD 0.43) and the proportion of LBW children was 17% (104/628). Sex, twinning, region of birth, maternal age, maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), antenatal consultations, parity and possession of a mobile phone were associated with birthweight, while maternal BCG scar status was not. Conclusions This study provides the first birthweight data for home-born children in rural Guinea-Bissau, with a mean birthweight of 2.89 kg (SD 0.43) and a LBW prevalence of 17%. We found a tendency for higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among BCG scar-negative women. Birthweight was similar in children of mothers with and without BCG scar.

scholarly journals The impact of different doses of vitamin A supplementation on male and female mortality. A randomised trial from Guinea-Bissau

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthe Yakymenko ◽  
Christine S Benn ◽  
Cesario Martins ◽  
Birgitte R Diness ◽  
Ane B Fisker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Doses

HOW TO PROLONG LACTATION IN MOTHERS OF VLBW INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. A42-A42
Author(s):  
Student
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
Vlbw Infants ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Very Low Birthweight Infants ◽  
Skin To Skin

We have carried out a randomised trial [of skin to skin contact with their mothers] among babies of less than 1500 gm . . . Mothers using skin to skin contact lactated for four weeks longer on average than the control group . . . [This maneuver] can enjoyably be offered to very low birthweight infants especially in developing countries where mother's lactation is vital.

scholarly journals Protocol for the Lactoferrin Infant Feeding Trial (LIFT): a randomised trial of adding lactoferrin to the feeds of very-low birthweight babies prior to hospital discharge

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e023044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Martin ◽  
Alpana Ghadge ◽  
Paolo Manzoni ◽  
Kei Lui ◽  
Rebecca Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
End Point ◽  
Late Onset Sepsis

IntroductionVery-low birthweight (VLBW, <1500 g) infants comprise about 1%–1.4% of all births in high-income countries. Every year, about 3000 VLBW babies in Australia and New Zealand receive intensive care. Many die or else survive with severe brain injury, retinopathy, late-onset sepsis or necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), each of which carries substantial risk of disability.Methods and analysisThis trial tests whether adding bovine lactoferrin (bLF) to feeds in VLBW infants improves (1) survival to hospital discharge free from brain injury, late-onset sepsis, NEC and treated retinopathy of prematurity (primary composite end point); (2) each component of the primary composite end point and (3) time to reach full enteral feeds, number of blood transfusions, chronic lung disease and length of hospital stay. It includes a cost-effectiveness analysis of bLF in improving survival free from major morbidity, and evaluates the effect of bLF on survival and developmental outcomes at 24 to 36 months corrected gestational age.This is a multicentre, two-arm, randomised trial comparing the treatment group receiving bLF added to breast milk or formula milk daily (up to 250 mg/kg/day bLF) versus the control group receiving no bLF supplementation. The intervention is administered until 34 completed weeks corrected gestation or for 2 weeks, whichever is longer, or until discharge home, if earlier. The target sample size of 1500 participants yields 85% power, at the two-sided 5% level significance, to detect a difference in proportions meeting the primary outcome assuming the true probability is 74% in controls and 80.5% in the bLF group.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by Northern Sydney Local Human Research Ethics Committee in January 2017 (Version 2.0, Reference 1003-118M) and other relevant ethics committees. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.Trial registration numberACTRN12611000247976; Pre-results.

scholarly journals Male Mortality Trends in the United States, 1900-2010: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Wanda K. Jones ◽  
Robert A. Hahn ◽  
R. Gibson Parrish ◽  
Steven M. Teutsch ◽  
Man-Huei Chang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
White Males

Objectives: Male mortality fell substantially during the past century, and major causes of death changed. Building on our recent analysis of female mortality trends in the United States, we examined all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends at each decade from 1900 to 2010 among US males. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) for 11 categories of disease and injury stratified by race (white, nonwhite, and, when available, black), the excess of male mortality over female mortality ([male AADR − female AADR]/female AADR), and potential causes of persistent excess of male mortality. We used national mortality data for each decade. Results: From 1900 to 2010, the all-cause AADR declined 66.4% among white males and 74.5% among nonwhite males. Five major causes of death in 1900 were pneumonia and influenza, heart disease, stroke, tuberculosis, and unintentional nonmotor vehicle injuries; in 2010, infectious conditions were replaced by cancers and chronic lower respiratory diseases. The all-cause excess of male mortality rose from 9.1% in 1900 to 65.5% in 1980 among white males and a peak of 63.7% in 1990 among nonwhite males, subsequently falling among all groups. Conclusion: During the last century, AADRs among males declined more slowly than among females. Although the gap diminished in recent decades, exploration of social and behavioral factors may inform interventions that could further reduce death rates among males.

Female-biased mortality induced by male sexual harassment in a feral sheep population

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1812-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Réale ◽  
Patrick Boussès ◽  
Jean-Louis Chapuis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
The Cost

In contrast to most populations of sexually dimorphic ungulates, a 3-year study revealed a tertiary sex ratio (the number of males per female at sexual maturity) strongly biased towards males in the Île Longue feral sheep (Ovis aries) population (Kerguelen subantarctic archipelago). This population presents a main winter lambing season and a secondary summer lambing period. The sex ratios of lambs and lamb carcasses were even. The skewed sex ratio of adults was therefore attributed to shorter longevity of females. We showed that (i) male monthly mortality followed a bimodal distribution with peaks corresponding to the two rutting periods. Male mortality was, however, highest during the winter even though less rutting occurred in this season than in the summer, suggesting that harsher winter conditions enhance the cost of mating competition; (ii) female mortality was related to the rutting activity of males but not to lambing. Female mortality peaked in the summer despite plentiful food resources. This period corresponds to the main rutting peak, suggesting a high survival cost of mating for females. Female mortality due to male harassment was confirmed by direct observations and examination of females injured during rutting periods. This situation may be due to a strongly male-biased operational sex ratio in the population, associated with an inability of males to establish a stable dominance hierarchy within a large flock.

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