scholarly journals The contribution of grandmother involvement to child growth and development: an observational study in rural Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e002181
Author(s):  
Esther O Chung ◽  
Ashley Hagaman ◽  
Katherine LeMasters ◽  
Nafeesa Andrabi ◽  
Victoria Baranov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Socioemotional Development ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Early Child ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
Z Scores

IntroductionEarly childhood interventions primarily focus on the mother–child relationship, but grandmothers are often critical in childcare in low-resource settings. Prior research is mixed on how grandmother involvement influences child outcomes and there is a paucity of research on grandmother caregiving in low-income and middle-income countries. We examined the role of grandmother involvement on child growth and development in the first 2 years of life cross sectionally and longitudinally in rural Pakistan.MethodsWe used data from the Bachpan Cohort, a longitudinal birth cohort in rural Pakistan. Maternally reported grandmother involvement in daily instrumental and non-instrumental caregiving was collected at 3 and 12 months. A summed score was created and categorised into non-involved, low and high. Outcomes included 12-month and 24-month child growth, 12-month Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and 24-month Ages and Stages Questionnaire—Socioemotional. We used multivariable generalised linear models to estimate mean differences (MD) at 12 months (n=727) and 24 months (n=712). Inverse probability weighting was used to account for missingness and sampling.ResultsIn our sample, 68% of children lived with a grandmother, and most grandmothers were involved in caregiving. Greater 3-month grandmother involvement was positively associated with 12-month weight z-scores; however, greater involvement was associated with lower 24-month weight z-scores. High 12-month grandmother involvement was associated with improved 12-month cognitive (MD=0.38, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.76), fine motor skills (MD=0.45, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.83) and 24-month socioemotional development (MD=−17.83, 95% CI −31.47 to –4.19). No meaningful associations were found for length z-scores or language development.ConclusionIn rural Pakistan, grandmothers provide caregiving that influences early child development. Our findings highlight the complex relationship between grandmother involvement and child weight, and suggest that grandmothers may positively promote early child cognitive, fine motor and socioemotional development. Understanding how grandmother involvement affects child outcomes in early life is necessary to inform caregiving interventions.

scholarly journals The Association of Plasma Choline With Growth and Development Among Young Malawian Children Enrolled in an Egg Intervention Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 627-627
Author(s):  
Megan Bragg ◽  
Bess Caswell ◽  
Charles Arnold ◽  
Matthews George ◽  
Brian Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth Development

Abstract Objectives Choline has been positively associated with child growth and development, but few studies have been in areas of high stunting and low choline intake. This secondary analysis examines the association of plasma choline with growth/development in Malawian children enrolled in a randomized trial of 1 egg/day versus nonintervention control. Methods Venous blood, anthropometric, and developmental measures were collected at enrollment (at age 6–9 mos) and at endline 6 mos later. Plasma choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were measured using untargeted metabolomics among 400 children. Length, weight, and head circumference were converted to z-scores using WHO Growth Standards. Developmental measures included fine and gross motor, personal social, and language skills (measured and normed using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool), memory (elicited imitation [endline only] and visual paired comparison tasks), and attention (Infant Orienting with Attention [IOWA] task). Generalized linear models, adjusted for covariates including group assignment, were used to examine the association of plasma choline with growth/developmental outcomes. Results In cross-sectional models including both time points (baseline, endline) and adjusting for repeated measures, a 1 SD-unit increase in plasma choline was negatively associated with length-for-age z-score (–0.11 SD [95% CI: –0.20, –0.02]) and positively associated with IOWA reaction time (8.8 ms [1.7, 16.0]), meaning slower shifts in attention with higher plasma choline. In predictive models, higher baseline plasma choline predicted lower endline fine motor z-scores (–0.13 SD [–0.22, –0.04]). There were no associations of plasma choline with weight-for-age, head-circumference-for-age, weight-for-length, or the other developmental outcomes. Analysis of other biomarkers revealed few significant associations with growth/development. Conclusions Plasma choline was not strongly associated with growth or development in this sample of Malawian children. The few significant associations suggested poorer growth/development with higher plasma choline. Further research in various contexts is needed. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Egg Nutrition Center.

How consistent are associations between maternal and paternal education and child growth and development outcomes across 39 low-income and middle-income countries?

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Jeong ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
S V Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Paternal Education ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Development Outcomes

BackgroundMaternal and paternal education are associated with improved early child outcomes. However, less is known about how these relative associations compare for preschool children’s growth versus development outcomes; and across country contexts.MethodsWe analysed data from 89 663 children aged 36 to 59 months in 39 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used linear regression models with country fixed effects to estimate the joint associations between maternal and paternal education and children’s growth and development outcomes. Additionally, we examined the variability in these relationships by each country and within subgroups of countries.ResultsIn the pooled sample, maternal and paternal education were independently associated with 0.37 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.41) and 0.20 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.24) higher height-for-age z-scores, and 0.31 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.34) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.18) higher Early Childhood Development Index z-scores, respectively (comparing secondary or higher to no education). Associations were stronger for maternal education than paternal education but comparable between child outcomes. In country-specific regressions, we found the most heterogeneity in the associations between maternal education and children’s growth; and between paternal education and children’s development. Subgroup analyses suggested that these associations may be systematically patterned by country-level adult illiteracy, infant mortality and food insecurity.ConclusionOur findings highlight variability in the statistical significance and magnitude of the associations between caregivers’ education and children’s outcomes. Further research is needed to understand the sources of variation that may promote or constrain the benefits of caregivers’ education for children’s early health and development in LMICs.

scholarly journals A quasi-experimental study on exploring the use of mobile phone technology for optimizing, tracking and responding to children's developmental progress in Korogocho, Nairobi, Kenya: study protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Patricia Kitsao Wekulo ◽  
Margaret Nampijja ◽  
Domnick O. Okullo ◽  
Kenneth O. Okelo ◽  
Milka Njeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Mobile Phone Application ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Quasi Experimental

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The massive use of technology can be leveraged to facilitate access to growth and development programs for children. Existing programs supporting such initiatives for children younger than three years are inadequate and not accessible to most families. In most cases, primary caregivers are unable to identify delayed milestones in their children’s growth and development due to inadequate information. They therefore often report the cases when they have become very severe and difficult to reverse. In order to promote early identification of possible developmental delays, African Population and Health Research Center together with Val Partners will develop, implement and evaluate the use of mobile phone technology to help caregivers track their children's developmental outcomes.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study will employ a quasi-experimental design and will use a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In one arm, 110 caregivers will be trained on the use of a mobile phone application to assess child growth and development. The other arm, with 110 caregivers, will receive standard care provided by community health volunteers. Child developmental outcomes will be assessed in both arms. Feasibility of the intervention will be assessed qualitatively. Performance data will be compared across the two arms using mixed linear models to assess the effect of the intervention on child development.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings are expected to provide evidence on whether the intervention is feasible and has an effect on child developmental outcomes. The results will inform the scalability and sustainability of the project.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Trial Registration: </strong>The trial has been registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (www.pactr.org) database (ID number: PACTR201905787868050).<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Effect of Family Support on Child Growth and Development in Sukoharjo, Central Java

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitria Hayu Palupi ◽  
◽  
Ana Wigunantiningsih ◽  
Luluk Nur Fakhidah ◽  
Siskana Dewi Rosita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Growth Chart ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Good Family

ABSTRACT Background: Impaired growth and development of children remains a serious problem globally. The role of the family, especially the support and participation of parents are the important factors in monitoring the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. This study aimed to determine the effect of family support on the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Kragilan Village, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo, Central Java in November 2018. The study subjects were total of 115 mothers with children aged 1-60 month. Multistage cluster sampling technique was conducted. Dependent variable was growth and development of children. Independent variable was family support. The data for family support was collected by questionnaire. The data for growth of infants/ toddlers was collected by assessing growth chart (monitoring whether weight gain or loss from previous month), assessing length/height-for-age (normal height or stunted), head circumference measurement (macrocephalic/ microcephalic/ normocephalic), and assessing teething chart (erupts/ loss of teeth in accordance with age or not). The data for development of infants/ toddlers was collected by evaluating the gross motor, fine motor, language, and social skills based on child development pre-screening questionnaire. Results: Good family support increases growth (b= 0.895; p <0.001) and development (b= 0.337; p <0.001) of infants/ toddlers. Conclusion: Good family support increases growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Keywords: family support, growth, development Correspondence: Fitria Hayu Palupi. Midwifery Study Program, School of Health Science Mitra Husada Karanganyar. Jl. Brigjen Katamso Barat, Papahan, Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285326848008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.53

scholarly journals Cohort Profile: Perinatal depression and child socioemotional development ; the Bachpan cohort study from rural Pakistan

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e025644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siham Sikander ◽  
Ikhlaq Ahmad ◽  
Lisa M Bates ◽  
John Gallis ◽  
Ashley Hagaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Socioemotional Development ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Poor Child ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural Pakistan

PurposeThis is a prospective pregnancy–birth cohort designed to investigate the effects of depression on socioemotional development of children. Perinatal depression is a risk factor for poor child development and for many it has a recurring chronic course. Thus, the exposure to depression can continue through the early years of the child with detrimental developmental outcomes.ParticipantsBetween October 2014 and February 2016, we recruited 1154 pregnant women from a rural subdistrict of Pakistan. Data include longitudinal and repeated measures of maternal psychosocial measures and child growth, cognitive and socioemotional measures. Follow-up include mother–child dyad assessments at 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th and 36th months of child age. All these follow-ups are community based at the household level. We have competed baseline assessment.Findings to dateOf the eligible dyads, we followed 885 (76.6%), 929 (91%) and 940 (93.3%) at 3, 6 and 12 months post-childbirth. We include a subsample mother–child dyad DNA and inflammatory biomarkers, 73 and 104, respectively.Future plansWhile we continue to do 24-month and 36-month follow-up assessments, we plan to follow these mother–child dyads up to the age of 7–8 years with some children being exposed to at least 1 year of school environment. Investigators interested in learning more about the study can contact ([email protected]) and ([email protected]).

Grandmother Involvement on Child Growth and Development in Rural Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther O. Chung ◽  
Ashley Hagaman ◽  
Katherine LeMasters ◽  
Nafeesa Andrabi ◽  
Victoria Baranov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Rural Pakistan

Diarrhea Prevalence and Child Growth Faltering Are Associated with Subsequent Adverse Child Developmental Outcomes in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Marie George ◽  
Jamie Perin ◽  
Tahmina Parvin ◽  
Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian ◽  
Elizabeth D. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Social Problem Solving ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Diarrhea Prevalence

Millions of young children annually are not meeting their developmental potential in low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies have shown that diarrheal diseases during early life are associated with subsequent malnutrition. This prospective cohort study of 576 children under 5 years was conducted in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh, to investigate the association between diarrhea prevalence, child growth, and child cognitive developmental outcomes. Height and weight were measured at baseline and a 12-month follow-up. Diarrhea prevalence was assessed through monthly surveillance visits. Developmental outcomes were assessed by communication, fine motor, gross motor, personal social, problem-solving, and combined developmental scores measured by the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire (EASQ) at the 12-month follow-up visit. To assess the association between diarrhea prevalence, child growth, and child developmental outcomes, linear regression models were fit using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering at the household level and to approximate 95% CIs. Diarrhea prevalence was negatively associated with change in height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores from baseline to the 12-month follow-up (coefficient −0.85 [95% CI: −1.42, −0.28]). Diarrhea prevalence was a significant predictor of combined EASQ Z-scores with and without baseline stunting included in the model (−0.89 [95% CI: −1.67, −0.09] [baseline stunting included]) and (−0.88 [95% CI: −1.69, −0.07]). Change in HAZ from baseline to the 12-month follow-up was positively associated with follow-up combined EASQ Z-scores (0.28 [95% CI: 0.15, 0.42]). High diarrhea prevalence and linear growth faltering were associated with negative cognitive developmental outcomes among children residing in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Furthermore, high diarrhea prevalence was associated with negative child cognitive developmental outcomes with stunting included in the model, suggesting an effect of diarrhea on cognition independent of stunting.

Grandmother Involvement in Rural Pakistan: An Observational Study on Child Growth and Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther O. Chung ◽  
Ashley Hagaman ◽  
Katherine LeMasters ◽  
Nafeesa Andrabi ◽  
Victoria Baranov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Rural Pakistan

scholarly journals Status gizi dan perkembangan anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kabupaten Bogor

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Sarah Melati Davidson ◽  
Ali Khomsan ◽  
Hadi Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Active Communication

Background: Malnutrition in children under five causes a variety of developmental disorders. The nutritional need for children aged 3-5 age is very critical to reach optimum growth and development. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the association between nutritional status using WAZ, HAZ, WHZ index with gross motor, fine motor, passive communication, active communication, cognitive, self-help ability and social behavior development childred aged 3-5 years old. Methods: Data was obtained from a study entitled Improving Child Growth and Development through Nutrition and Psychosocial Intervention in Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Setting in Rural Areas and was fully funded by the Nestle Foundation (NF), Switzerland. The study design was cross-sectional, with 120 children aged 3-5 years old as subjects. Locations and subjects were selected purposively in Bogor District. Nutritional status was assesed by WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ index. Child development was assessed by using Bina Keluarga Balita questionnaire.Results: Most of the subjects had good nutritional status dan development level. WAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor dan cognitive development (p<0.05). HAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor, active communication skills and cognitive development (p<0.05). WHZ indicator significantly associated with fine motor and cognitive children (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with child development.

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