scholarly journals PO 8473 IMPACT OF EBOLA ON SLEEPING SICKNESS IN COASTAL GUINEA: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS (2012–2017) FROM THE GUINEAN NATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMME

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A42.2-A42
Author(s):  
Oumou Camara ◽  
Hamidou Ilboudo ◽  
Mariame Camara ◽  
Eric Ouattara ◽  
Alexandre Duvignaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Elimination Goal ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCoastal Guinea harbours the most active human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in West Africa. The Guinean government and its partners are conducting HAT control activities to reduce the burden of this neglected tropical disease and, as set-up by WHO, to eliminate it as a public health problem by 2020. Unfortunately, control efforts were deeply impaired during the Ebola outbreak that struck the country in 2014–2015. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of this unprecedented outbreak on HAT screening and care activities and more generally on T. brucei gambiense transmission.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the data collected by the HAT-NCP between 2012 and 2013 (pre-Ebola period) and 2014–2015 (Ebola outbreak) has shown an interruption of active HAT screening activities and a rapid decrease of passive HAT screening activities as the Ebola outbreak was spreading. During the Ebola epidemic, HAT patients were also diagnosed in a later stage of the disease and attendance to post-treatment control visits was also severely affected.ResultsOnly 59 HAT patients were diagnosed and treated during the Ebola outbreak (January 2014–October 2015) as compared to 154 before the outbreak (February 2012–December 2013). This potentially large undiagnosed human reservoir of trypanosomes may have contributed to increased transmission levels. After Guinea was declared free of Ebola virus disease, screening activities (both passive and active) were progressively resumed. In 2016 and 2017, Guinea reported 107 and 140 HAT cases, respectively (almost twice as much as during the pre-Ebola period) and became the second most affected country after the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ConclusionA major lesson taken from the Ebola outbreak is that disruption of medical care may lead to a quick HAT burst in areas of high transmission. Current HAT control measures combining screening and tsetse control interventions will help to stay on course for the elimination goal.

scholarly journals Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: transmission dynamics and rapid control

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L Althaus ◽  
Nicola Low ◽  
Emmanuel O. Musa ◽  
Faisal Shuaib ◽  
Sandro Gsteiger
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

International air travel has already spread Ebola virus disease (EVD) to major cities as part of the unprecedented epidemic that started in Guinea in December 2013. An infected airline passenger arrived in Nigeria on July 20, 2014 and caused an outbreak in Lagos and then Port Harcourt. After a total of 20 reported cases, including 8 deaths, Nigeria was declared EVD free on October 20, 2014. We quantified the impact of early control measures in preventing further spread of EVD in Nigeria and calculated the risk that a single undetected case will cause a new outbreak. We fitted an EVD transmission model to data from the outbreak in Nigeria and estimated the individual reproduction number of the index case at 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2-15.6). We also found that the net reproduction number fell below unity 15 days (95% CI: 11-21 days) after the arrival of the index case. Hence, our study illustrates the time window for successful containment of EVD outbreaks caused by infected air travelers.

scholarly journals Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: lessons to learn

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L Althaus ◽  
Sandro Gsteiger ◽  
Nicola Low
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Net Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

International air travel has already spread Ebola virus disease (EVD) to major cities as part of the unprecedented epidemic that started in Guinea in December 2013. An infected airline passenger arrived in Nigeria on July 20, 2014 and caused an outbreak in Lagos and then Port Harcourt. After a total of 20 reported cases, including 8 deaths, Nigeria was declared EVD free on October 20, 2014. We quantified the impact of early control measures in preventing further spread of EVD in Nigeria and calculated the risk that a single undetected case will cause a new outbreak. We fitted an EVD transmission model to data from the outbreak in Nigeria and estimated the basic reproduction number R0 = 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2-15.6). We also found that the net reproduction number Rt fell below unity 15 days (95% CI: 11-21 days) after the arrival of the index case. Using the estimated value of R0 in Nigeria, we calculated that the risk of an outbreak from a single undetected case was 89% (95% CI: 81-94%). Even though R0 in Nigeria was high, EVD outbreaks caused by infected air travelers can be successfully contained if control measures are rapidly implemented.

scholarly journals Review: Insights on Current FDA-Approved Monoclonal Antibodies Against Ebola Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Tshiani Mbaya ◽  
Philippe Mukumbayi ◽  
Sabue Mulangu
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact

The unprecedented 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak accelerated several medical countermeasures (MCMs) against Ebola virus disease (EVD). Several investigational products (IPs) were used throughout the outbreak but were not conclusive for efficacy results. Only the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) on ZMapp was promising but inconclusive. More recently, during the second-largest Ebola outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), four IPs, including one small molecule (Remdesivir), two monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails (ZMapp and REGN-EB3) and a single mAb (mAb114), were evaluated in an RCT, the Pamoja Tulinde Maisha (PALM) study. Two products (REGN-EB3 and mAb114) demonstrated efficacy as compared to the control arm, ZMapp. There were remarkably few side effects recorded in the trial. The FDA approved both medications in this scientifically sound study, marking a watershed moment in the field of EVD therapy. These products can be produced relatively inexpensively and can be stockpiled. The administration of mAbs in EVD patients appears to be safe and effective, while several critical knowledge gaps remain; the impact of early administration of Ebola-specific mAbs on developing a robust immune response for future Ebola virus exposure is unknown. The viral mutation escape, leading to resistance, presents a potential limitation for single mAb therapy; further improvements need to be explored. Understanding the contribution of Fc-mediated antibody functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of those approved mAbs is still critical. The potential merit of combination therapy and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) need to be demonstrated. Furthermore, the PALM trial has accounted for 30% of mortality despite the administration of specific treatments. The putative role of EBOV soluble Glycoprotein (sGP) as a decoy to the immune system, the virus persistence, and relapses might be investigated for treatment failure. The development of pan-filovirus or pan-species mAbs remains essential for protection. The interaction between FDA-approved mAbs and vaccines remains unclear and needs to be investigated. In this review, we summarize the efficacy and safety results of the PALM study and review current research questions for the further development of mAbs in pre-exposure or emergency post-exposure use.

scholarly journals Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: transmission dynamics and rapid control

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L Althaus ◽  
Nicola Low ◽  
Emmanuel O. Musa ◽  
Faisal Shuaib ◽  
Sandro Gsteiger
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

International air travel has already spread Ebola virus disease (EVD) to major cities as part of the unprecedented epidemic that started in Guinea in December 2013. An infected airline passenger arrived in Nigeria on July 20, 2014 and caused an outbreak in Lagos and then Port Harcourt. After a total of 20 reported cases, including 8 deaths, Nigeria was declared EVD free on October 20, 2014. We quantified the impact of early control measures in preventing further spread of EVD in Nigeria and calculated the risk that a single undetected case will cause a new outbreak. We fitted an EVD transmission model to data from the outbreak in Nigeria and estimated the individual reproduction number of the index case at 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2-15.6). We also found that the net reproduction number fell below unity 15 days (95% CI: 11-21 days) after the arrival of the index case. Hence, our study illustrates the time window for successful containment of EVD outbreaks caused by infected air travelers.

scholarly journals Estimating the impact of violent events on transmission in Ebola virus disease outbreak, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018–2019

Epidemics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 100353 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rae Wannier ◽  
Lee Worden ◽  
Nicole A. Hoff ◽  
Eduardo Amezcua ◽  
Bernice Selo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Violent Events

scholarly journals Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: transmission dynamics and rapid control

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L Althaus ◽  
Sandro Gsteiger ◽  
Emmanuel O. Musa ◽  
Faisal Shuaib ◽  
Nicola Low
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Net Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

International air travel has already spread Ebola virus disease (EVD) to major cities as part of the unprecedented epidemic that started in Guinea in December 2013. An infected airline passenger arrived in Nigeria on July 20, 2014 and caused an outbreak in Lagos and then Port Harcourt. After a total of 20 reported cases, including 8 deaths, Nigeria was declared EVD free on October 20, 2014. We quantified the impact of early control measures in preventing further spread of EVD in Nigeria and calculated the risk that a single undetected case will cause a new outbreak. We fitted an EVD transmission model to data from the outbreak in Nigeria and estimated the basic reproduction number R0 = 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2-15.6). We also found that the net reproduction number Rt fell below unity 15 days (95% CI: 11-21 days) after the arrival of the index case. Using the estimated value of R0 in Nigeria, we calculated that the risk of an outbreak from a single undetected case was 89% (95% CI: 81-94%). Even though R0 can be high, our study illustrates the time window for successful containment of EVD outbreaks caused by infected air travelers.

scholarly journals Measuring the impact of Ebola control measures in Sierra Leone

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (46) ◽  
pp. 14366-14371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kucharski ◽  
Anton Camacho ◽  
Stefan Flasche ◽  
Rebecca E. Glover ◽  
W. John Edmunds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
International Response ◽  
The Impact

Between September 2014 and February 2015, the number of Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases reported in Sierra Leone declined in many districts. During this period, a major international response was put in place, with thousands of treatment beds introduced alongside other infection control measures. However, assessing the impact of the response is challenging, as several factors could have influenced the decline in infections, including behavior changes and other community interventions. We developed a mathematical model of EVD transmission, and measured how transmission changed over time in the 12 districts of Sierra Leone with sustained transmission between June 2014 and February 2015. We used the model to estimate how many cases were averted as a result of the introduction of additional treatment beds in each area. Examining epidemic dynamics at the district level, we estimated that 56,600 (95% credible interval: 48,300–84,500) Ebola cases (both reported and unreported) were averted in Sierra Leone up to February 2, 2015 as a direct result of additional treatment beds being introduced. We also found that if beds had been introduced 1 month earlier, a further 12,500 cases could have been averted. Our results suggest the unprecedented local and international response led to a substantial decline in EVD transmission during 2014–2015. In particular, the introduction of beds had a direct impact on reducing EVD cases in Sierra Leone, although the effect varied considerably between districts.

scholarly journals PTSD, depression and anxiety in Ebola virus disease survivors in Beni town, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Célestin Kaputu-Kalala-Malu ◽  
Eric Mafuta Musalu ◽  
Tim Walker ◽  
Olga Ntumba-Tshitenge ◽  
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Persistent Headache

Abstract Background Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a deadly and feared infectious disease, which can be responsible of debilitating physical and psychological sequelae in survivors including depression and anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, there are scarce data on survivor sequelae in Democratic Republic of the Congo. So this study assessed PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms among EVD survivors enrolled in the follow-up program of the psychosocial care team of Beni town’s general hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study used consecutive sampling to recruit 144 Ebola virus disease survivors who came for follow up from October 23 to November 13; 2019. Basic socio-demographic data, presence of headache and short-term memory function were assessed. The Post-traumatic Checklist Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess psychological burden among participants. Descriptive statistics were used to summarized data and Pearson’s or likelihood chi-square were used to test association between psychiatric disorders and associated factors. Results The prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety was 24.3, 24.3 and 33.3% respectively. Being male (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.95, p = 0.049), suffering from persistent headache (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.12, 6.14, p = 0.014), losing a loved one because of EVD (OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.11, 6.15, p = 0. 015) and being young − 18-24 years - (OR: 0. 261, 95% CI: 0. 08, 0.82, p = 0,026) were statistically associated with PTSD diagnosis. Having short-term memory impairment and suffering from persistent headache were statistically associated with depression and anxiety diagnoses (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.82, p = 0.026); (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 4.85, p = 0.025); (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.12, 6.14, p = 0.014); (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 5.01, p = 0.020). Conclusion The prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety is high among EVD survivors. Development of specialized psychiatric services to sustain psychiatric and psychological health amongst survivors in the cultural context of the Eastern part of the DRC should be considered by the teams fighting against EVD in the DRC.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment delay of head and neck cancers during COVID-19 era in a tertiary care academic hospital: what should we expect?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro De Luca ◽  
Antonella Bisogno ◽  
Vito Colacurcio ◽  
Pasquale Marra ◽  
Claudia Cassandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Treatment Delay ◽  
Head And Neck Cancers ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Academic Hospital ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Since the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 from China, all deferrable medical activities have been suspended, to redirect resources for the management of COVID patients. The goal of this retrospective study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on head and neck cancers’ diagnosis in our Academic Hospital. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients treated for head and neck cancers between March 12 and November 1, 2020 was carried out, and we compared these data with the diagnoses of the same periods of the 5 previous years. Results 47 patients were included in this study. We observed a significative reduction in comparison with the same period of the previous 5 years. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a decrease in the number of new H&N cancers diagnoses, and a substantial diagnostic delay can be attributable to COVID-19 control measures.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal dynamics of schistosomiasis in Rwanda between 2001 and 2012: impact of the national Neglected Tropical Disease control programme

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Nyandwi ◽  
Tom Veldkamp ◽  
Frank Badu Osei ◽  
Sherif Amer
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

Schistosomiasis is recognised as a major public health problem in Rwanda. We aimed to identify the spatio-temporal dynamics of its distribution at a fine-scale spatial resolution and to explore the impact of control programme interventions. Incidence data of Schistosoma mansoni infection at 367 health facilities were obtained for the period 2001-2012. Disease cluster analyses were conducted using spatial scan statistics and geographic information systems. The impact of control interventions was assessed for three distinct sub-periods. Findings demonstrated persisting, emerging and re-emerging clusters of schistosomiasis infection across space and time. The control programme initially caused an abrupt increase in incidence rates during its implementation phase. However, this was followed by declining and disappearing clusters when the programme was fully in place. The findings presented should contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of schistosomiasis distribution to be used when implementing future control activities, including prevention and elimination efforts.

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