scholarly journals PO 8414 EVALUATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX (MTBC) CULTURE METHODS IN MYCOBACTERIUM AFRICANUM-ENDEMIC REGION OF WEST AFRICA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A34.2-A34
Author(s):  
Alieu K Faburay ◽  
Francis S Mendy ◽  
Sarjo A Gibba ◽  
Modou Lamin ◽  
Basil Sambou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
West African ◽  
P Value ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Significant Agreement ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
Mycobacterium Africanum

BackgroundWith the endemic Mycobacterium africanum (Maf), West African laboratories use glycerol and pyruvate in separate LJ cultures (LJG and LJP) for isolation of MTBC. The aim of this work is to evaluate if combining both glycerol and pyruvate in a single LJ medium (LJGP) will lead to comparable growth characteristics and time to detection in comparison to LJG, LJP and MGIT 960.MethodTotal of 118 smear-positive sputum samples were processed using 4% NaOH-NALC decontamination method. The decontaminated samples were inoculated parallel on LJG, LGP, MGIT 960 and LJGP. Positive cultures were confirmed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. MTBC identification was done using the Capilia TBNeo kit and spoligotyping used for speciation.ResultsThe recovery rate for LJG, LJP, LJPG and MGIT was found to be 73.7% (87/118), 82.2% (96/118), 83.9% (99/118) and 93.2% (110/118) respectively. No significant agreement was observed between the LJPG and MGIT 960 with Kappa values of −0.105 (p-value=0.199). However, there was significant agreement between LJGP and LJG and LJP with Kappa value of 0736 (p-value<0.001) and 0.756 (p-value<0.001), respectively. There were 70 Euro-American, 34 Maf, 9 East-Asian, 2’Indo-Oceanic, 2 East-African-Indian and 1 M. Bovis. LJGP have better Maf recovery rate, 85.3% (29/34) in comparison to MGIT 960, 79.4% (27/34), LJP, 76.5% (26/34) and LJG, 61.8% (21/34). Seven of the 8 MGIT negatives that were LJPG positive were M. africanum and 1 M. bovis.ConclusionLJPG has a better detection rate and time to positivity compared to LJG and LJP and was shown to have a better Maf recovery than other LJ methods and MGIT 960. It is evident that LJGP is a promising culture tool for Maf-endemic West African countries that will not only increase MTBC recovery rate in combination with MGIT, but also leads to better detection of Maf.

Gendering Environment and Climate Change in the Economic Community of West African States & the East African Community: Why Representation Matters

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110367
Author(s):  
Naaborle Sackeyfio ◽  
Amadu Jacky Kaba
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
West African ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
African Community

The heightened prospect of a “rising Africa” stems from multiple developments across the continent. Technological innovation, economic empowerment, increasing female leadership, and more continue to raise the fortunes of African countries. As regional economic communities engage with Agenda 2063, an ambitious endeavor to support and sustain economic development, a gendering environment is pivotal to any ensuing progress. Using the case studies of two regional organizations, our research examines the pace of political representation of women in relevant environmental committees in the Economic Community of West African States and the East African Community. In an epoch where women constitute half of the continent, the case for female representation to combat ecological challenges propelled by the securitization of environmental issues is paramount.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of aMycobacterium africanumClinical Isolate from Antioquia, Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
U. A. Hurtado ◽  
J. S. Solano ◽  
A. Rodriguez ◽  
J. Robledo ◽  
F. Rouzaud
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
South America ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
West African ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Mycobacterium Africanum

Mycobacterium africanumis a member of theMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex. Most commonly found in West African countries, it has scarcely been described in South America. Here, we report the first genome sequence of a ColombianM. africanumclinical isolate. It is composed of 4,493,502 bp, with 4,069 genes.

scholarly journals Import and transmission of Mycobacterium orygis and Mycobacterium africanum, Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vegard Eldholm ◽  
Janne O. Rønning ◽  
Anne Torunn Mengshoel ◽  
Trude Arnesen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
West African ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Line Probe Assay ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Commercial Line ◽  
Probe Assay ◽  
Mycobacterium Africanum

Abstract Background The aim of the current study was to improve our understanding of the origins and transmission of Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) in Norway. Methods Whole-genome sequences (WGS) were generated for all (n = 29) available clinical isolates received at the Norwegian National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria (NRL) and identified as MAF in Norway, in the period 2010–2020. Phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results The analyses indicated several imports of MAF lineage 6 from both East and West African countries, whereas MAF lineage 5 was restricted to patients with West African connections. We also find evidence for transmission of MAF in Norway. Finally, our analyses revealed that a group of isolates from patients originating in South Asia, identified as MAF by means of a commercial line-probe assay, in fact belonged to Mycobacterium orygis. Conclusions Most MAF cases in Norway are the result of import, but transmission is occurring within Norway.

scholarly journals Import and Transmission of Mycobacterium Orygis and Mycobacterium Africanum, Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
vegard and eldholm ◽  
Janne Oseberg rønning ◽  
Anne Torunn Mengshoel ◽  
Trude Arnesen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
West African ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Line Probe Assay ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Commercial Line ◽  
Probe Assay ◽  
Mycobacterium Africanum

Abstract Background : The aim of the current study was to improve our understanding of the origins and transmission of Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) in Norway.Methods : Whole-genome sequences (WGS) were generated for all (n=29) available clinical isolates identified as in Norway in the period 2010 – 2020. Phylogenetic analyses were performed.Results : The analyses indicated multiple imports of MAF lineage 6 from both East and West African countries, whereas MAF lineage 5 was restricted to patients with West African connections. We also find evidence for transmission of MAF in Norway. Finally, our analyses revealed that a group of isolates from patients originating in South Asia, identified as MAF by means of a commercial line-probe assay, in fact belonged to Mycobacterium orygis.Conclusions : Most MAF cases in Norway are the result of import, but transmission is occurring in immigrant communities.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mycobacterium africanum in the last 17 years in Aragon identifies a specific location of IS6110 in Lineage 6

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Comín ◽  
◽  
María Luisa Monforte ◽  
Sofía Samper ◽  
Isabel Otal
Keyword(s):  
High Variability ◽  
West African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Unique Pattern ◽  
Mycobacterium Africanum

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge about Mycobacterium africanum and report the incidence and characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) due to their lineages in Aragon, Spain, over the period 2003–2019. The study includes all the cases in our region, where all the M. tuberculosis complex isolates are systematically characterised. We detected 31 cases of M. africanum among 2598 cases of TB in the period studied. TB caused by M. africanum is rare (1.19%) in our population, and it affects mainly men of economically productive age coming from West African countries. Among the isolates, Lineage (L) 6 was more frequent than L5. The genotyping of these strains identified five clusters and 13 strains with a unique pattern. The isolates’ characterisation identified a copy of IS6110 within the moaX gene, which turned out to be specific for L6. It will allow the differentiation of this lineage from the rest of MTBC with a simple PCR reaction. It remains to be established whether this polymorphism may limit M. africanum transmission. Furthermore, a mutation in the mutT2 promoter was found as specific for L6 strains, which could be related to the high variability found for L6 compared to L5.

The Coin of the African Realm

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
African Countries ◽  
New Strategies

This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa during both the colonial and independence periods. Since 1983, West African countries have been pioneers in Africa in developing new strategies to combat overvaluation of the currency and reduce the control of government over the currency supply. The chapter charts the evolution of West African currencies as boundaries and explores their relationship to state consolidation. It shows that leaders in African capitals managed to make the units they ruled increasingly distinct from the international and regional economies, but the greater salience of the currency did not end up promoting state consolidation. Rather, winning the ability to determine the value of the currency led to a series of disastrous decisions that severely weakened the states themselves.

Political Stability in West African States: Problems and Solutions. (Case Studies of Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal)

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Lyubov Sadovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
West African ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

The article presents a new view on the problems of political stability in West African countries. For the first time was carried out a comparative analysis of the sustainability of the political systems of the two Francophone fastest growing countries in West Africa, Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal. The author analyzes the factors negatively influencing political stability social order, and those that reduce conflict potencial in these States. Internal and external threats to the political systems of Senegal and Сôte d’Ivoire are examined. The response of both countries to internal and external challenges is shown. The study proves that while external threats indanger Senegal’s political stability, such as the penetration of religious extremism, the crisis in Casamance, maritime piracy, drug traffic, for Côte d’Ivoire, on the contrary, main risks are internal: electoral, socio-political crises, the split of elites, arms smuggling, banditry. The study demonstrates that the level of social governance in Senegal is higher than in other West African countries, including Сôte d’Ivoire, due to the dualism of the political system: the coexistence of Western-style political institutions with local faiths (tariqas), as well as policy pursued by President M. Sall. aimed at achieving mutual compromise that ensure the peaceful settlement of conflicts and contradictions. The author concludes that a new approach to the development of a security strategy is required.

At Nature's Edge

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
European Experience ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Many

In an epoch when environmental issues make the headlines, this is a work that goes beyond the everyday. Ecologies as diverse as the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean coast, the Negev desert and the former military bases of Vietnam, or the Namib desert and the east African savannah all have in common a long-time human presence and the many ways people have modified nature. With research in six Asian and African countries, the authors come together to ask how and why human impacts on nature have grown in scale and pace from a long pre-history. The chapters in this volume illumine specific patterns and responses across time, going beyond an overt centring of the European experience. The tapestry of life and the human reshaping of environments evoke both concern and hope, making it vital to understand when, why, and how we came to this particular turn in the road. Eschewing easy labels and questioning eurocentrism in today’s climate vocabulary, this is a volume that will stimulate rethinking among scholars and citizens alike.

scholarly journals Commercialization of Aframomum spp. in Africa: a Systematic Review of Literature and Supporting Botanical Vouchers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronja Hermiene Maria Knippers ◽  
Sandrine Gallois ◽  
Tinde van Andel
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Wild Resources ◽  
Living Material ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Material Information

AbstractAframomum (Zingiberaceae) is a genus of plants native to tropical Africa that are sold on African markets as spices and traditional medicine. Not all species of Aframomum are equally abundant or widespread, and no overview exists of the specific species traded or the quality of the species identifications in publications referencing the sale of Aframomum. Through a systematic literature review, we show that 14 species of Aframomum are sold in 15 African countries. The majority of the studies were done in Nigeria and Cameroon and A. melegueta was the most frequently reported species in trade. A. kayserianum was the only commercialized species with confirmed conservation issues. Our literature review shows extensive knowledge gaps regarding the commercialization of Aframomum in Africa. Most studies did not include herbarium vouchers, or only used market-sourced plant material, which impedes the possibilities for species verifications. Additionally, most East African countries were devoid of relevant research. These gaps can be bridged by future research in East Africa and voucher collection from living material. Information on the conservation status of traded Aframomum species can be obtained by population studies on wild resources and documenting local domestication efforts, as the cultivation of marketed species tends to relieve the pressure from wild resources.

scholarly journals Community hygiene against lassa fever disease and its predictors in a Nigerian rural settlement

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Gobir ◽  
C L Ejembi ◽  
A A Aliyu ◽  
M B Garba ◽  
C J C Igboanusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
West African ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Abstract Background Lassa fever disease (LFD) is a viral haemorrhagic fever that is endemic in some West african countries where an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 cases and 5000 deaths occur yearly. The World Health Organization described it as a global health threat. At community level, its prevention relies on promoting good “community hygiene”. This study was conducted to assess practice of community hygiene measures against LFD and its associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional, community based descriptive study conducted during a LFD epidemic in a a rural community of Nigeria. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 556 adult respondents, selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results A majority of the respondents were females (52.9%). Educational attainment was significantly associated with safe food storage at the multivariate level (aOR= 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10-1.54,P= 0.002) while having a good knowledge of LFD was a significant predictor of maintaining good housing standards (aOR= 3.73, 95% CI: 1.09-12.80,P=0.036). Conclusions Predictors of practice of community hygiene against LFD include education and having an excellent knowledge of LFD. To improve community hygiene practices in the community, there is need for a comprehensive LFD behavior change communication intervention. Key messages Cubing the global threat of LFD depends on its effective prevention in endemic West African communities. This study shows that such preventive measures are poor and there is need for more response to address the problem.

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