scholarly journals Prevalence and causes of visual impairment amongst older adults in a rural area of North India: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e018894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Malhotra ◽  
Praveen Vashist ◽  
Mani Kalaivani ◽  
Noopur Gupta ◽  
Suraj Singh Senjam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Common Causes

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence, causes and associated factors for visual impairment (VI) in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana, north India.MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in two blocks of Jhajjar district. A total of 34 villages were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling method. Adults aged 50 years and above were selected using compact segment cluster sampling approach. Presenting visual acuity using LogMAR E chart was measured along with collection of other demographic details as part of the house-to-house survey. Subjective refraction and torch light examination were performed at a clinic site within the village to ascertain VI and its cause. VI was considered when presenting visual acuity was less than 6/18 in the better eye. Common causes of VI viz uncorrected refractive errors, cataract, central corneal opacity and others were noted by optometrists. Descriptive analysis was undertaken. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for determining associated factors with VI.ResultsOut of 2025 enumerated adults, 1690 (83.5%) were examined at the household level and 1575 (78%) completed all study procedures. The prevalence of VI was found to be 24.5% (95% CI 21.1 to 26.3) and blindness was 5% (95% CI 3.9 to 6.1). The most common causes of VI were uncorrected refractive errors (50%) and cataract (37%). The VI in study participants was found to be associated with age, gender, marital and educational status.ConclusionsVI is still a public health problem in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana. Provision of spectacles and cataract surgical services are simple interventions to address this issue.

scholarly journals Refractive errors and visual impairment among children and adolescents in southernmost China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Peng ◽  
Ling Gao ◽  
Yunyan Zheng ◽  
Yanan Dai ◽  
Qing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Refractive errors and visual impairment in southernmost China have not been reported previously. We aim to investigate and determine the age-specific prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and visual impairment based on a large population cross-sectional study in Hainan area of southernmost tropical province in China. Methods A population-based sample of 31,524 children aged 6–15 years from Hainan was assessed. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction and visual acuity (VA) analyses were performed on all participants and a subgroup of participants undergoing cycloplegia. Results Of all participants, 23.0% presented uncorrected VA (UCVA) was worse than 20/40 in worse eye, 6.0% presented mild presenting visual acuity impairment (PVAI), 7.0% presented moderate PVAI, 0.2% presented severe PVAI in the better eye, and 46.9% presented abnormal UCVA [worse than 20/25 (≥ 6, < 8 years old) and worse than 20/20 (≥ 8 years and older)] at least in one eye. The overall prevalence of myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) ≤  − 0.50 D] and high myopia (SE ≤  − 6.00 D) were 46.0%, 1.0% respectively. Hyperopia [SE ≥  + 1.00 D (≥ 7 years old) and SE ≥  + 2.00 D (≥ 6, < 7 years old)] and significant hyperopia (SE ≥  + 3.00 D) were 4.2 and 0.6%, respectively. Astigmatism [cylinder ≥ 1.00 D (≥ 7 years old) and ≥ 1.75 D (≥ 6, < 7 years old)] was found in 31.9%. Conclusions Myopia was the most common refractive error in southernmost province in China (Hainan). Its prevalence increased with age, while hyperopia prevalence showed a decreasing trend. However, myopia, especially high myopia prevalence was much lower than in other urban regions across China.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF PREMATURE EJACULATION AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AND THEIR ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION OF MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Rohaizat Hassan ◽  
Mohd Fadhli Samsuri ◽  
Shamsul Azhar Shah ◽  
Nazarudin Safian ◽  
Zulkifli Md Zainuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Premature Ejaculation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with of Premature Ejaculation &Erectile Dysfunctionamong Malaysian men. A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas using standardized and validated self-administered questionnaires. A total of 319 samples were recruited for PE screening. The overall prevalence of PE was 31.7% with 20.7% and 40.8% for urban and rural area respectively. Depression, anxiety and frequent masturbation were significantly associated with PE. While For ED, infrequent sexual intercourse was the sole factor significantly associated with ED.PE and ED were highly prevalent in both urban and rural areas; with several significant preventable associated factors.

scholarly journals Use of spectacles for distance vision: coverage, unmet needs and barriers in a rural area of North India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Malhotra ◽  
Mani Kalaivani ◽  
Ramashankar Rath ◽  
Manya Prasad ◽  
Praveen Vashist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distance Vision

Abstract Background Uncorrected refractive errors contribute enormously to the burden of avoidable visual impairment worldwide. There is a huge disparity in different parts of the globe in context to spectacle coverage for distance vision. This study was undertaken with objectives of determining prevalence of spectacle coverage, unmet needs and associated factors among adults in a rural community of north India. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out within selected clusters of Jhajjar district of Haryana. All participants aged > 15 years underwent visual acuity assessment by LogMAR “E” screening chart. Participants with presenting visual acuity < 6/12 in any eye and all current spectacle users underwent detailed ophthalmic examination and refraction. Additional details about spectacles, barriers for their use and willingness to pay for them were collected. Participants with met and unmet need for spectacle use at visual acuity > 6/12 was computed. These are reported as proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Associated factors with unmet need were determined using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 6910 participants were examined. The current spectacle use was 7.5% (95% Confidence Interval CI: 6.5, 8.7). The spectacle coverage was found in 33.3% (95% CI: 30.0, 36.7) participants among those in need. The unmet need was found in 10.8% of participants (95% CI: 10.1, 11.6). On multivariable analysis, odds of unmet need was associated with age, gender, level of education and marriage status. The most common barrier for refractive correction was lack of perceived need for refraction and its correction. Conclusion There is substantial unmet need for distance vision spectacles in this population. It is imperative that multi-component intervention be implemented to improve spectacle coverage in this rural north Indian setting.

scholarly journals Self perceived visual health among women aged 18-59 years in a rural area of Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh: a cross sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2788
Author(s):  
Amit Singh Pawaiya ◽  
Ieshitva Jain ◽  
Khushboo Juneja ◽  
Mithila Dayanithi ◽  
S. Nagesh
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rural Practice ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Visual Health ◽  
The Impact

Background: Visual health is both visual function and individual’s perception of vision. This study was conducted to estimate visual function and individual’s perception of vision and to understand the impact of sociodemographic factors and treatment seeking behaviour for eye morbidities among women in our society. The aim of the study was to obtain visual acuity scores and the perceived visual function score and analyse both objective and subjective visual health.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 182 women aged 18-59 years residing in rural practice area of School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida.Results: The most common problem in the study group was moderate visual impairment (23.1%), followed by severe visual impairment (8.2%) and blindness (1%). The common causes being uncorrected refractive errors followed by cataract. Visual impairment was maximum among 49-59 years (47.46%), illiterate (54.24%) and in lower socio-economic status (54.24%).Conclusions: An intersectoral approach involving the PRI, ASHA/ANM at all levels of the health system may be appropriate. Strategies involving the communities, schools, colleges, workplaces and shifting to preventive and curative approach instead of only curative approach may help to create more awareness about common avoidable causes of blindness namely refractive errors and cataract. Comprehensive eye care services from early screening to treatment need to be made accessible, affordable and available at all levels of health system irrespective of gender, literacy, age and socioeconomic status to improve visual health and thus quality of life.

scholarly journals Burden and Factors Associated with Refractive Errors Post Cataract Surgery at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center: A Hospital Based Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Livin Uwemeye ◽  
William U. Makupa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Best Corrected Visual Acuity

Aims: To determine the burden and factors associated with refractive errors after cataract surgery in a training institution. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Eye department. Northern Tanzania, from January 2016 to December 2017. Methods: A review of files of all adult patients who have had cataract surgery in 2016 and 2017 was conducted. A total of 626 eyes of 554 patients who had post-operative refraction by experienced optometrists were included. Information were extracted from patients’ files then entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. The main outcomes were post-operative refraction and best corrected visual acuity.  Results: Mean age was 69.3 years (SD=10.7) and ECCE accounted for 76% of surgeries. At least 84.6% had post-operative refractive error and astigmatism was the most common refractive error (56.8%). Spherical error accounted for 27.8%. Spherical error ranged from -12 to 4DS, mean = -0.42 (SD=1.3) DS and median = 0.00DS. The maximum cylindrical error was -7.5 DC, mean = -1.15 (SD=1.36) DC and median = -1.0DC. At least 56% had spherical equivalent within 1D of emmetropia. A BCVA of 6/18 or better was achieved in 92.8%. Age, poor pre-operative VA, poor presenting VA, astigmatism on keratometry, difference between recommended and inserted IOL, ECCE, grade of surgeon and suturing were associated with refractive errors. Conclusion: Refractive errors following cataract surgery are common. Best corrected visual acuity outcome was in normal recommended range; however, the magnitude of refractive errors was high and the proportion of patients who achieved a final refraction within 1D of emmetropia was below the recommended range. An effort should be made to lower the prevalence and magnitude of refractive errors associated with cataract surgery in training institutions.

scholarly journals Ocular Abnormalities in Children with Down’s Syndrome Attending a Semi Urban Tertiary Care Centre in India - A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Sujatha Nambudiri ◽  
Sinumol Sukumaran Thulaseedharan ◽  
Seena T.V
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ocular Abnormalities ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome

BACKGROUND Down syndrome, first described in 1866, is the most common chromosomal derangement in live births. More than half of the patients with Down syndrome have ophthalmic manifestations. We wanted to evaluate the most common ocular abnormalities in children with Down syndrome in South India. METHODS All children with positive chromosomal analysis report for Down syndrome between 2 - 18 years attending a semi-urban, tertiary medical care centre from 1/1/2013 to 1/1/2015 were included in this hospital based clinical cross sectional study. Detailed ocular examination included visual acuity assessment using age specific tests, diffuse light examination, assessment of ocular alignment, motility, cover tests, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, cycloplegic refraction and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS In our study, 95 % of children had ocular abnormalities. The most important defects were refractive errors (83.33 %), hyperopia (35 %), myopia 21 % of whom 2 children had high myopia of more than - 6D, and astigmatism (15 %). Among the refractive errors, hyperopia was the commonest. Other ocular abnormalities were cataract (13.33 %), esotropia (13.33 %), exotropia (3.33 %), nystagmus (6.67 %), nasolacrimal duct obstruction (8.3 %) and optic disc coloboma (1.6 %). CONCLUSIONS Refractive errors, strabismus were the most common and significant visual defects identified in children with Down syndrome in our study. Early detection of refractive errors, strabismus and prompt and appropriate intervention like glasses for refractive errors and surgical correction of strabismus is absolutely necessary to prevent development of amblyopia. Improvement of vision accelerates the overall development of the child. Management of Down syndrome children should be a team approach with ophthalmologist playing an important role. These children should have early and regular ophthalmological evaluations to maximise the benefit. KEYWORDS Down Syndrome, Ocular Abnormalities, Visual Acuity in Children

scholarly journals Prevalence of Refractive Errors Among the Children of Special Education Complex, Peshawar

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Bismah Saleem ◽  
Naeem Ullah ◽  
Hamid Hussain ◽  
Ayaz Ayub ◽  
Muhammad Hamayun Khan
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Snellen Visual Acuity ◽  
Special Children ◽  
Physically Handicapped

OBJECTIVES:The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among children of special education complex. METHODOLOGY:A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine refractive error among the children of special education complex Hayatabad, Peshawar. A total of 272 children were examined from age 5-19 years. Refractive errors were determined by doing retinoscopy, subjective and objective refraction, ophthalmoscope and, hand held auto refractors. Snellen’s charts, lea symbol chart and kay pictures were used for assessing the visual acuity in children who could cooperate. RESULTS:Among 272 children, 225 children were males (82.7%). 34(12.5%) were mentally retard, 182(66.9%) were hearing impaired and 56(20.6%) were physically handicapped. Children suffering from refractive errors were 47(17.3%). 11(4.0%) reported that they were using glasses. Squint was present in 5(1.8%). On examination status of right eye 5(1.8%) were with visual acuity 6/60 or less. For children who were unable to comprehend with Snellen visual acuity chart, they were be assessed by using other charts like Lea symbol chart or Kay pictures. 19(7.0%) were assessed by Lea symbol chart, 9(3.3%) by Kay pictures and maximum number of children easily understand Snellen visual acuity chart that was 244(89.7%). CONCLUSION:This study concluded that refractive errors were common in special children.

Insomnia and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study in rural adults of North India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
Rashmi Kumari ◽  
Rajiv Gupta ◽  
Bhavna Langer ◽  
Parveen Singh ◽  
Najma Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Adults

scholarly journals Utilization of antenatal care services in rural population of north India: a cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 5015
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Pathak ◽  
Neha Chaudhary ◽  
Shradha Mishra ◽  
Arshad Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Government

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is an opportunity to encourage a positive pregnancy experience and improved maternal and child survival. Care in the antenatal period is also essential for supporting the long-term growth and development of the child. ANC visits are vital for providing counselling to mothers about the care they should take during pregnancy and in preparation for childbirth. The principal objective of the study was to evaluate the utilization of antenatal care services in rural population of North India.Methods: The present community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 mothers over a period of Eight months. A semi structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection, the statistical data was recorded and analysed using by the SPSS Software.Results: In present study all the pregnancies had ANC registration and 20.5% of them had ≥4 ANC visits. 91% of the mothers received Iron and Folic Acid supplementation while 95% of mothers immunized with adequate dose of Tetanus Toxoid. With regards to the type of delivery 87.5% were normal vaginal deliveries and 75.5% were occurred at health facility. The length of stay in the hospital was less than 2 days in 55% of deliveries and 52% of the mothers received cash assistance for institutional delivery by the government under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) scheme.Conclusions: The present study showed low utilization of full antenatal care services and JSY Scheme among the mothers. There is need to educate and council the mother and their family by health personnel regarding significance of utilization of antenatal services.

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