Burden and Factors Associated with Refractive Errors Post Cataract Surgery at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center: A Hospital Based Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

Aims: To determine the burden and factors associated with refractive errors after cataract surgery in a training institution. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Eye department. Northern Tanzania, from January 2016 to December 2017. Methods: A review of files of all adult patients who have had cataract surgery in 2016 and 2017 was conducted. A total of 626 eyes of 554 patients who had post-operative refraction by experienced optometrists were included. Information were extracted from patients’ files then entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. The main outcomes were post-operative refraction and best corrected visual acuity. Results: Mean age was 69.3 years (SD=10.7) and ECCE accounted for 76% of surgeries. At least 84.6% had post-operative refractive error and astigmatism was the most common refractive error (56.8%). Spherical error accounted for 27.8%. Spherical error ranged from -12 to 4DS, mean = -0.42 (SD=1.3) DS and median = 0.00DS. The maximum cylindrical error was -7.5 DC, mean = -1.15 (SD=1.36) DC and median = -1.0DC. At least 56% had spherical equivalent within 1D of emmetropia. A BCVA of 6/18 or better was achieved in 92.8%. Age, poor pre-operative VA, poor presenting VA, astigmatism on keratometry, difference between recommended and inserted IOL, ECCE, grade of surgeon and suturing were associated with refractive errors. Conclusion: Refractive errors following cataract surgery are common. Best corrected visual acuity outcome was in normal recommended range; however, the magnitude of refractive errors was high and the proportion of patients who achieved a final refraction within 1D of emmetropia was below the recommended range. An effort should be made to lower the prevalence and magnitude of refractive errors associated with cataract surgery in training institutions.

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Choroidal Vascularity Features in Patients with Choroideremia and Cystoid Spaces

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11030382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 382

Author(s):

Claudio Iovino ◽

Valentina Di Iorio ◽

Francesco Testa ◽

Viviana Bombace ◽

Paolo Melillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Genetic Diagnosis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Corrected Visual Acuity ◽

Choroidal Vasculature ◽

Best Corrected Visual Acuity

Cystoid spaces (CSs) are a common retinal finding in choroideremia (CHM) patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the vascular features of the choroid associated with the presence of CSs in patients with confirmed genetic diagnosis of CHM. A total of 33 patients (33 eyes) were enrolled in this retrospective cross-sectional study and divided into two groups based on the presence (17 eyes) or absence (16 eyes) of CSs. Choroidal features were evaluated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography including subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal choroidal area (LCA), and stromal choroidal area (SCA). The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was then calculated in all study eyes. All structural choroidal parameters were calculated both on the entire length of the B-scan and in the central subfoveal 1500 μm. The average age was 37.3 ± 11.6 and 31.4 ± 16.7 years (p = 0.25) and mean logMAR best-corrected visual acuity was 0.11 ± 0.20 and 0.20 ± 0.57 (p = 0.54) in the CHM groups with and without CSs, respectively. There were no significant differences in subfoveal CT, and TCA, LCA, SCA, and CVI evaluated on either the entire scan or in the central 1500 μm (all p > 0.05). All choroidal vasculature parameters exhibited no significant differences between CHM eyes with and without CSs. Our results suggest that the choroid may not be involved in the development of CSs in patients with CHM.

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Prevalence and causes of visual impairment amongst older adults in a rural area of North India: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018894 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e018894 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sumit Malhotra ◽

Praveen Vashist ◽

Mani Kalaivani ◽

Noopur Gupta ◽

Suraj Singh Senjam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Rural Population ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

North India ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Common Causes

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence, causes and associated factors for visual impairment (VI) in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana, north India.MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in two blocks of Jhajjar district. A total of 34 villages were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling method. Adults aged 50 years and above were selected using compact segment cluster sampling approach. Presenting visual acuity using LogMAR E chart was measured along with collection of other demographic details as part of the house-to-house survey. Subjective refraction and torch light examination were performed at a clinic site within the village to ascertain VI and its cause. VI was considered when presenting visual acuity was less than 6/18 in the better eye. Common causes of VI viz uncorrected refractive errors, cataract, central corneal opacity and others were noted by optometrists. Descriptive analysis was undertaken. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for determining associated factors with VI.ResultsOut of 2025 enumerated adults, 1690 (83.5%) were examined at the household level and 1575 (78%) completed all study procedures. The prevalence of VI was found to be 24.5% (95% CI 21.1 to 26.3) and blindness was 5% (95% CI 3.9 to 6.1). The most common causes of VI were uncorrected refractive errors (50%) and cataract (37%). The VI in study participants was found to be associated with age, gender, marital and educational status.ConclusionsVI is still a public health problem in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana. Provision of spectacles and cataract surgical services are simple interventions to address this issue.

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Ocular Abnormalities in Children with Down’s Syndrome Attending a Semi Urban Tertiary Care Centre in India - A Cross Sectional Study

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

pp. 75-79

Author(s):

Sujatha Nambudiri ◽

Sinumol Sukumaran Thulaseedharan ◽

Seena T.V

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Down Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Team Approach ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Care Centre ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ocular Abnormalities ◽

Children With Down Syndrome

BACKGROUND Down syndrome, first described in 1866, is the most common chromosomal derangement in live births. More than half of the patients with Down syndrome have ophthalmic manifestations. We wanted to evaluate the most common ocular abnormalities in children with Down syndrome in South India. METHODS All children with positive chromosomal analysis report for Down syndrome between 2 - 18 years attending a semi-urban, tertiary medical care centre from 1/1/2013 to 1/1/2015 were included in this hospital based clinical cross sectional study. Detailed ocular examination included visual acuity assessment using age specific tests, diffuse light examination, assessment of ocular alignment, motility, cover tests, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, cycloplegic refraction and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS In our study, 95 % of children had ocular abnormalities. The most important defects were refractive errors (83.33 %), hyperopia (35 %), myopia 21 % of whom 2 children had high myopia of more than - 6D, and astigmatism (15 %). Among the refractive errors, hyperopia was the commonest. Other ocular abnormalities were cataract (13.33 %), esotropia (13.33 %), exotropia (3.33 %), nystagmus (6.67 %), nasolacrimal duct obstruction (8.3 %) and optic disc coloboma (1.6 %). CONCLUSIONS Refractive errors, strabismus were the most common and significant visual defects identified in children with Down syndrome in our study. Early detection of refractive errors, strabismus and prompt and appropriate intervention like glasses for refractive errors and surgical correction of strabismus is absolutely necessary to prevent development of amblyopia. Improvement of vision accelerates the overall development of the child. Management of Down syndrome children should be a team approach with ophthalmologist playing an important role. These children should have early and regular ophthalmological evaluations to maximise the benefit. KEYWORDS Down Syndrome, Ocular Abnormalities, Visual Acuity in Children

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Refractive errors and visual impairment among children and adolescents in southernmost China

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-021-01993-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Peng ◽

Ling Gao ◽

Yunyan Zheng ◽

Yanan Dai ◽

Qing Xie

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

High Myopia ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Refractive errors and visual impairment in southernmost China have not been reported previously. We aim to investigate and determine the age-specific prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and visual impairment based on a large population cross-sectional study in Hainan area of southernmost tropical province in China. Methods A population-based sample of 31,524 children aged 6–15 years from Hainan was assessed. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction and visual acuity (VA) analyses were performed on all participants and a subgroup of participants undergoing cycloplegia. Results Of all participants, 23.0% presented uncorrected VA (UCVA) was worse than 20/40 in worse eye, 6.0% presented mild presenting visual acuity impairment (PVAI), 7.0% presented moderate PVAI, 0.2% presented severe PVAI in the better eye, and 46.9% presented abnormal UCVA [worse than 20/25 (≥ 6, < 8 years old) and worse than 20/20 (≥ 8 years and older)] at least in one eye. The overall prevalence of myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 0.50 D] and high myopia (SE ≤ − 6.00 D) were 46.0%, 1.0% respectively. Hyperopia [SE ≥ + 1.00 D (≥ 7 years old) and SE ≥ + 2.00 D (≥ 6, < 7 years old)] and significant hyperopia (SE ≥ + 3.00 D) were 4.2 and 0.6%, respectively. Astigmatism [cylinder ≥ 1.00 D (≥ 7 years old) and ≥ 1.75 D (≥ 6, < 7 years old)] was found in 31.9%. Conclusions Myopia was the most common refractive error in southernmost province in China (Hainan). Its prevalence increased with age, while hyperopia prevalence showed a decreasing trend. However, myopia, especially high myopia prevalence was much lower than in other urban regions across China.

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Prevalence of Refractive Errors Among the Children of Special Education Complex, Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science ◽

10.37762/jgmds.5-2.84 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 28-32

Author(s):

Bismah Saleem ◽

Naeem Ullah ◽

Hamid Hussain ◽

Ayaz Ayub ◽

Muhammad Hamayun Khan

Keyword(s):

Special Education ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Snellen Visual Acuity ◽

Special Children ◽

Physically Handicapped

OBJECTIVES:The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among children of special education complex. METHODOLOGY:A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine refractive error among the children of special education complex Hayatabad, Peshawar. A total of 272 children were examined from age 5-19 years. Refractive errors were determined by doing retinoscopy, subjective and objective refraction, ophthalmoscope and, hand held auto refractors. Snellen’s charts, lea symbol chart and kay pictures were used for assessing the visual acuity in children who could cooperate. RESULTS:Among 272 children, 225 children were males (82.7%). 34(12.5%) were mentally retard, 182(66.9%) were hearing impaired and 56(20.6%) were physically handicapped. Children suffering from refractive errors were 47(17.3%). 11(4.0%) reported that they were using glasses. Squint was present in 5(1.8%). On examination status of right eye 5(1.8%) were with visual acuity 6/60 or less. For children who were unable to comprehend with Snellen visual acuity chart, they were be assessed by using other charts like Lea symbol chart or Kay pictures. 19(7.0%) were assessed by Lea symbol chart, 9(3.3%) by Kay pictures and maximum number of children easily understand Snellen visual acuity chart that was 244(89.7%). CONCLUSION:This study concluded that refractive errors were common in special children.

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Association of delivery procedure with APGAR scores among neonates born to healthy Pakistani mothers: a pilot study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.13784.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

Muhammad Ali Khalid ◽

Rida Ghani ◽

Muhammad Fahad Khalid ◽

Muhammad Saad Malik ◽

Ahmed Waqas

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Medical Center ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Apgar Scores ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Vaginal Deliveries

Background: The present study explores the factors associated with poor APGAR scores among singletons born to healthy Pakistani mothers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Tara Urea Medical Center, Iskandarabad Colony, district Mianwali, Pakistan from April 1 to August 30, 2017. Data was collected using a preformed proforma by a gynecologist and pediatrician during the birth procedure. The questionnaire comprised of two sections including neonatal and maternal characteristics. All data were analyzed in SPSS v.20. Results: Regression analysis revealed that vaginal deliveries were associated with higher APGAR scores at five minutes than those delivered by cesarean section. However, maternal age and BMI and weight of the baby did not yield significant association with APGAR scores at five minutes. APGAR scores assessed at one minute were significantly associated with weight of the neonate. Conclusion: APGAR scores of the neonates at birth are significantly associated with birth procedures. Therefore, birth procedure should be selected and managed effectively to reduce the risk of low APGAR scores.

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Characterization of Refractive Errors in a Population of Children from 2 to 14 Years of Age in Bogotá, Colombia*

Universitas Médica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.umed59-1.refr ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Isabella Lince-Rivera ◽

Gabriel Eduardo Camacho Flórez ◽

Alexa Kunzel Gallo

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Population Characteristics ◽

Ocular Motility ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The City

Introduction: Refractive errors can have important repercussions in the performance of an individual, especially in the pediatric community. Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors within a sample of 112 children between the ages of 2 and 14 from the Colegio La Candelaria in the city of Bogotá. Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated through visual acuity, ocular motility, ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy, and subjective exam, the visual capacity of the children in question. Results: We found a prevalence of refractive errors of 18.8% where 13.4% represented astigmatism, 3.6% hypermetropia and 1.8% myopia. Discussion: These results were compared with those exposed on a thesis performed in 1973 by which patients with similar conditions were tested. In this study, the refractive errors were of 30.48%, a difference that can be explained by variations in population characteristics. Lastly, it arises the need of screening in other communities.

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Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland

10.20944/preprints201711.0134.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Michal S. Nowak ◽

Piotr Jurowski ◽

Andrzej Grzybowski ◽

Janusz Smigielski

Keyword(s):

Female Gender ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Asian Populations ◽

Younger Age ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Background: To investigate the distribution of refractive errors and their characteristics in older adults. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional study. A total of 1107 men and women were interviewed and underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations, 998 subjects underwent refraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SER) refraction ≤ −0.5 dioptres (D) and hyperopia was defined as SER ≥ +0.5 dioptres (D). Results: Among those who were refracted the distribution of myopia and hyperopia was 24.1% (95% CI 21.4–26.7) and 37.5% (95% CI 34.5–40.5), respectively. Myopia decreased from 28.7% in subjects aged 35-59 years to 19.3% in those aged 60 years or older and hyperopia increased from 21.8% at 35–59 years of age to 53.3% in subjects aged ≥60 years. Multiple regression analysis showed decreasing age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.00), female gender (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.18–2.95) and presence of cataract (OR 2.40 , 95% CI 1.24–4.63) were independent risk factors associated with myopia. Conclusions: The distribution of refractive errors found in our study is similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations and differs from Asian populations. Myopia was positively associated with younger age, female gender and presence of cataract.

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