scholarly journals How do general practices respond to a pandemic? Protocol for a prospective qualitative study of six Australian practices

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e046086
Author(s):  
Grant Russell ◽  
Jenny Advocat ◽  
Riki Lane ◽  
Jennifer Neil ◽  
Timothy Staunton-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Practice Staff ◽  
Human Research Ethics ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
General Practices

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has transformed healthcare systems worldwide. Primary care providers have been at the forefront of the pandemic response and have needed to rapidly adjust processes and routines around service delivery. The pandemic provides a unique opportunity to understand how general practices prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. We will follow a range of general practices to characterise the changes to, and factors influencing, modifications to clinical and organisational routines within Australian general practices amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective case study of multiple general practices using a participatory approach for design, data collection and analysis. The study is informed by the sociological concept of routines and will be set in six general practices in Melbourne, Australia during the 2020–2021 COVID-19 pandemic. General practitioners associated with the Monash University Department of General Practice will act as investigators who will shape the project and contribute to the data collection and analysis. The data will include investigator diaries, an observation template and interviews with practice staff and investigators. Data will first be analysed by two external researchers using a constant comparative approach and then later refined at regular investigator meetings. Cross-case analysis will explain the implementation, uptake and sustainability of routine changes that followed the commencement of the pandemic.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was granted by Monash University (23950) Human Research Ethics Committees. Practice reports will be made available to all participating practices both during the data analysis process and at the end of the study. Further dissemination will occur via publications and presentations to practice staff and medical practitioners.

scholarly journals Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e000057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa DeJonckheere ◽  
Lisa M Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Primary Care Research ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Semistructured Interviews

Semistructured in-depth interviews are commonly used in qualitative research and are the most frequent qualitative data source in health services research. This method typically consists of a dialogue between researcher and participant, guided by a flexible interview protocol and supplemented by follow-up questions, probes and comments. The method allows the researcher to collect open-ended data, to explore participant thoughts, feelings and beliefs about a particular topic and to delve deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive issues. The purpose of this article was to identify and describe the essential skills to designing and conducting semistructured interviews in family medicine and primary care research settings. We reviewed the literature on semistructured interviewing to identify key skills and components for using this method in family medicine and primary care research settings. Overall, semistructured interviewing requires both a relational focus and practice in the skills of facilitation. Skills include: (1) determining the purpose and scope of the study; (2) identifying participants; (3) considering ethical issues; (4) planning logistical aspects; (5) developing the interview guide; (6) establishing trust and rapport; (7) conducting the interview; (8) memoing and reflection; (9) analysing the data; (10) demonstrating the trustworthiness of the research; and (11) presenting findings in a paper or report. Semistructured interviews provide an effective and feasible research method for family physicians to conduct in primary care research settings. Researchers using semistructured interviews for data collection should take on a relational focus and consider the skills of interviewing to ensure quality. Semistructured interviewing can be a powerful tool for family physicians, primary care providers and other health services researchers to use to understand the thoughts, beliefs and experiences of individuals. Despite the utility, semistructured interviews can be intimidating and challenging for researchers not familiar with qualitative approaches. In order to elucidate this method, we provide practical guidance for researchers, including novice researchers and those with few resources, to use semistructured interviewing as a data collection strategy. We provide recommendations for the essential steps to follow in order to best implement semistructured interviews in family medicine and primary care research settings.

scholarly journals Stakeholders’ views on identifying patients in primary care at risk of dying: a qualitative descriptive study using focus groups and interviews

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (674) ◽  
pp. e612-e620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Urquhart ◽  
Jyoti Kotecha ◽  
Cynthia Kendell ◽  
Mary Martin ◽  
Han Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

BackgroundStrategies have been developed for use in primary care to identify patients at risk of declining health and dying, yet little is known about the perceptions of doing so or the broader implications and impacts.AimTo explore the acceptability and implications of using a primary care-based electronic medical record algorithm to help providers identify patients in their practice at risk of declining health and dying.Design and settingQualitative descriptive study in Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canada.MethodSix focus groups were conducted, supplemented by one-on-one interviews, with 29 healthcare providers, managers, and policymakers in primary care, palliative care, and geriatric care. Participants were purposively sampled to achieve maximal variation. Data were analysed using a constant comparative approach.ResultsSix themes were prevalent across the dataset: early identification is aligned with the values, aims, and positioning of primary care; providers have concerns about what to do after identification; how we communicate about the end of life requires change; early identification and subsequent conversations require an integrated team approach; for patients, early identification will have implications beyond medical care; and a public health approach is needed to optimise early identification and its impact.ConclusionStakeholders were much more concerned with how primary care providers would navigate the post-identification period than with early identification itself. Implications of early identification include the need for a team-based approach to identification and to engage broader communities to ensure people live and die well post-identification.

Science in Your Own Backyard: Using Locally Abundant Caterpillars & Plants to Teach about Herbivory

2011 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
Heather S. Mallory ◽  
Martha R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Hands On ◽  
National Science Standards

National science standards require an understanding of animal behavior, diversity, and adaptations of organisms, as well as the concept of science as inquiry. We have developed a hands-on classroom activity that addresses these standards through teaching about herbivory and diet breadth, using locally abundant caterpillars and plants. This activity provides students with opportunities for careful observation, data collection and analysis, and development of testable hypotheses for further experimentation. The lesson can be adapted to different grade levels, with students taking on varied levels of responsibility for formulation of hypotheses, experimental design, data collection, and data analysis.

scholarly journals Identifying naturally occurring communities of primary care providers in the English National Health Service in London

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e036504
Author(s):  
Jonathan Clarke ◽  
Thomas Beaney ◽  
Azeem Majeed ◽  
Ara Darzi ◽  
Mauricio Barahona
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Natural Communities

ObjectivesPrimary Care Networks (PCNs) are a new organisational hierarchy with wide-ranging responsibilities introduced in the National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan. The vision is that PCNs should represent ‘natural’ communities of general practices (GP practices) collaborating at scale and covering a geography that fits well with practices, other healthcare providers and local communities. Our study aims to identify natural communities of GP practices based on patient registration patterns using Markov Multiscale Community Detection, an unsupervised network-based clustering technique to create catchments for these communities.DesignRetrospective observational study using Hospital Episode Statistics - patient-level administrative records of attendances to hospital.SettingGeneral practices in the 32 Clinical Commissioning Groups of Greater LondonParticipantsAll adult patients resident in and registered to a GP practice in Greater London that had one or more outpatient encounters at NHS hospitals between 1st April 2017 and 31st March 2018.Main outcome measuresThe allocation of GP practices in Greater London to PCNs based on the registrations of patients resident in each Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) of Greater London. The population size and coverage of each proposed PCN.Results3 428 322 unique patients attended 1334 GPs in 4835 LSOAs in Greater London. Our model grouped 1291 GPs (96.8%) and 4721 LSOAs (97.6%) into 165 mutually exclusive PCNs. Median PCN list size was 53 490, with a lower quartile of 38 079 patients and an upper quartile of 72 982 patients. A median of 70.1% of patients attended a GP within their allocated PCN, ranging from 44.6% to 91.4%.ConclusionsWith PCNs expected to take a role in population health management and with community providers expected to reconfigure around them, it is vital to recognise how PCNs represent their communities. Our method may be used by policymakers to understand the populations and geography shared between networks.

scholarly journals Correction to: M1 macrophage dependent-p53 regulates the intracellular survival of mycobacteria

APOPTOSIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Yun-Ji Lim ◽  
Junghwan Lee ◽  
Ji-Ae Choi ◽  
Soo-Na Cho ◽  
Sang-Hun Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Research Fund ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
M1 Macrophage ◽  
National University ◽  
The Brain

The original version of this article unfortunately contains an error in the acknowledgement section. The text “Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University” was omitted by mistake. The correct and complete acknowledgment is given below: Acknowledgments This work was supported by the research fund of Chungnam National University and the Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Laboratory exercise using "virtual rats" to teach endocrine physiology.

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. S24 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Odenweller ◽  
C T Hsu ◽  
E Sipe ◽  
J P Layshock ◽  
S Varyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Laboratory Exercise ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Rights Issues

Animal experimentation is limited in many curricula due to the expense, lack of adequate animal facilities and equipment, and limited experience of the teachers. There are also ethical concerns dealing with the comfort and safety of the animals. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a "dry laboratory" using "virtual rats." The "virtual rat" eliminates the obstacles inherent in animal experimentation, such as inadequate budgets, as well as avoiding important animal rights issues. Furthermore, no special materials are required for the completion of this exercise. Our goal in developing this dry laboratory was to create an experience that would provide students with an appreciation for the value of laboratory data collection and analysis. Students are exposed to the challenge of animal experimentation, experimental design, data collection, and analysis and interpretation without the issues surrounding the use of live animals.

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