scholarly journals Patterns of extreme temperature-related catastrophic events in Europe including the Russian Federation: a cross-sectional analysis of the Emergency Events Database

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e046359
Author(s):  
Heiko Brennenstuhl ◽  
Manuel Will ◽  
Elias Ries ◽  
Konstantin Mechler ◽  
Sven Garbade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Cold Waves ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Emergency Events ◽  
The Russian Federation

ObjectiveTo investigate reported extreme temperature-related catastrophic events and associated mortality on the European continent including the Russian Federation.DesignCross-sectional respecting Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria.SettingsData source: Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT).ParticipantsSearch criteria: location—European continent including Russian Federation, time—years 1988 until 2019 (close of database 12 July 2019), catastrophic events—extreme temperatures.Primary outcome measuresNumbers of heat waves, cold waves, severe winter conditions and associated number of deaths, overall, and per country and year, respecting STROBE criteria.ResultsThe most frequent type of the 243 events recorded in EM-DAT were cold waves (54.7%). However, cold waves and severe winter conditions only accounted for 6460 deaths (4.5%), while heat waves were associated with 137 533 deaths (95.5%). The five most severe heat waves in 2003, 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2015 were associated with a total of 135 089 deaths. The most severe heat waves were geographically distributed over the Russian Federation (2010), as well as France, Italy, Spain and Germany, each in 2003.ConclusionAlthough cold waves are more frequently reported in EM-DAT, heat waves are the major cause for temperature-related deaths. In order to better protect the public, it is important to address resiliency and vulnerability of populations at risk and age groups.

scholarly journals Temperature-related disasters in Europe – a cross-sectional analysis of the emergency events database from a pediatric perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Brennenstuhl ◽  
Manuel Will ◽  
Elias Ries ◽  
Konstantin Mechler ◽  
Sven Garbade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Cold Waves ◽  
The Public ◽  
Average Surface Temperature ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Emergency Events

AbstractThis study investigates patterns of extreme temperature-related events in Europe and its significance for the public health, with a focus on the vulnerable pediatric population. A generalized additive model of average surface temperature development for the European countries is described and discussed with an in-depth analysis of the influence of temperature on evolutional and behavioral aspects.MethodsExtreme temperature related events are recorded in the publicly available epidemiological database of Emergency Events (EM-DAT). A comparative and descriptive statistical analysis of this data was conducted with a focus on (prospective) records from 1988 onwards. Average surface temperature data was provided by the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal. The criteria for strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) were respected.ResultsWithin EM-DAT, extreme temperature-related disasters in Europe were categorized as either heat waves, drought, forest or land fires, or cold waves and severe winter conditions, accordingly. The most frequent type of event recorded were cold waves (36.2%). However, cold waves and severe winter conditions only accounted for about 6,460 casualties (4.4%), while heat waves were responsible for a total of 137,533 casualties (95.1%). During the prospective observational period of the EM-DAT database, heat waves in 2003, 2006, 2010, and 2015, claimed a total of 119,760 casualties. These most severe heatwaves were geographically distributed over Russia (2010), as well as France, Italy, Spain, and Germany, each in 2003. Accordingly, analysis of temperature data revealed an increasing average surface temperature for all assessed European countries, correlating with in an increasing frequency of extreme temperature-related events.ConclusionThis study shows that according to EM-DAT data extreme temperatures are an increasingly important public health threat to the European population as the average European surface temperatures are rising. Although cold waves are more frequently reported in EM-DAT, heat waves are the major cause for temperature-related casualties. Therefore, we conclude that evolutional and cultural resilience against cold and drought is significantly higher than it is against heat. Our results project that the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves will further increase due to current climatic changes and become a more prevalent problem for future generations. Hence, we propose an emergency plan to inform the public and authorities about measurements to be taken in such extreme heat conditions to overcome the prevailing lack of information available to the public.

scholarly journals Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in the Persons with Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus in the Population Sample of the Russian Federation

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Alexei N. Sumin ◽  
Natalia A. Bezdenezhnykh ◽  
Andrey V. Bezdenezhnykh ◽  
Galina V. Artamonova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Diabetes Patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) and increased arterial stiffness predictors in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) in the population sample of Russian Federation. Methods: 1617 patients (age 25–64 years) were enrolled in an observational cross-sectional study Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the Regions of the Russian Federation (ESSE-RF). The standard ESSE-RF protocol has been extended to measure the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), a marker of arterial stiffness. Patients were divided into three groups: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 272), patients with prediabetes (n = 44), and persons without CMD (n = 1301). Results: Median CAVI was higher in diabetes and prediabetes groups compared with group without CMD (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). Elevated CAVI (≥9.0) was detected in 16.8% of diabetes patients, in 15.9% of those with prediabetes, and in 9.0% of those without CMD (p < 0.001). The factors affecting on CAVI did not differ in CVD groups. In logistic regression the visceral obesity, increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were associated with a pathological CAVI in CMD patients, and age, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cholesterol in persons without CMD. Conclusions: the CAVI index values in the prediabetes and diabetes patients were higher than in normoglycemic persons in a population sample of the Russian Federation. Since the identified disorders of arterial stiffness in prediabetes are similar to those in diabetes, their identification is important to prevent further cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals EU–Russia Security Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
M.I. Yanin ◽  
◽  
D.S. Bunevich ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Mutual Interest ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
The Eu

at present, relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union are in a state of political crisis. The existing disagreements negatively affect the relations of two international players on the European continent. The article discusses the areas of interaction between the Russian Federation and the EU in the field of security, which, contrary to modern political difficulties, reflect the mutual interest of the parties. The author concludes that the joint approaches of Russia and the European Union to resolving issues related to security are a stabilizing factor in the formation of the EU–Russia dialogue in modern political realities.

scholarly journals Features of developing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein population-based seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-323
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
E. E. Andreeva ◽  
E. A. Babura ◽  
S. V. Balakhonov ◽  
N. S. Bashketova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Russian Federation

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, dubbed COVID-19, has become one of the most serious challenges for human populations in the vast majority of countries worldwide. Rapid spreading and increased mortality related to it required new approaches to manage epidemic processes on a global scale. One of such approaches was based on analyzing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence associated with COVID-19. Our aim was to summarize the results on assessing seroprevalence to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (Nc) in residents from 26 regions of the Russian Federation, carried out during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. Seroprevalence distribution was examined in 26 model regions of the Russian Federation according to the unified method developed by the Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the Federal State Institution Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Such approach implied formation of a group of volunteer subjects in model geographic region who were tested by ELISA for anti-Nc serum antibody level in peripheral blood. Analyzed primary data obtained in separate regions were either accepted for publication or released.Results. The current paper finalizes the data obtained in all 26 regions of the Russian Federation. The total SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 19.5 (10.0–25.6)% with the maximum and minimum value found in the Kaliningrad Region and the Republic of Crimea, respectively (50.2% vs. 4.3%). A pattern of age-related seroprevalence distribution indicates insignificant predominance of seroprevalence among subjects of 1–17 years old: 22.1 (13.1–31.8)%. Among COVID-19 convalescents positive for SARS-CoV Nc antibodies it reached 60.0 (40.0–73.3)%. The number of contact persons comprised 6285 subjects or 8.5% of total volunteer cohort, with the level of seroprevalence reaching up to 25.3 (17.95–35.8)%. A direct correlation was revealed between levels of seroprevalence in convalescent and contact volunteers. In addition, the reproductive number for SARS-CoV was calculated comprising 5.8 (4.3–8.5) suggesting that one convalescent subject can infect at least 4 healthy individuals. A high level of asymptomatic forms of COVID-19 among seropositive subjects was confirmed empirically comprising up to 93.6 (87.1–94.9)%.Conclusion. A single cross-sectional study performed during 2020 June–August timeframe allowed to assess pattern of sex- and agerelated COVID-19 seroprevalence for general population in 26 Russian Federation regions. The data obtained may serve as a basis for the longitudinal cohort investigation with serial subject sampling. The timing and duration of study will be determined by dynamics of ongoing COVID-19 epidemic.

scholarly journals Some aspects of the navigation period extension in the North-West Basin of inland waterways of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Vladimir Karetnikov ◽  
Vyacheslav Bekriashev ◽  
Gleb Chistiakov ◽  
Sergey Rudiyh
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Lena Basin ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
West Basin ◽  
North Western

The Russian Federation has a developed system of inland waterways (IWW) [1]. This system consists of 15 basins. Winter conditions are very harsh in some basins. Such basins, for example, include the Lena Basin. But in some basins, even in winter, conditions that block navigation do not form. These basins include the Volga-Baltic. However, during the extension of the navigation period in such basins, it should be borne in mind that the navigation safety system will have to be upgraded. This paper discusses some aspects, the introduction of which forms the prerequisites for extension of the navigation period on the waterways of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation. In addition, specific recommendations are provided for the implementation of the necessary automated systems to ensure a sufficient level of navigation in winter conditions on the IWW. These recommendations were obtained within the framework of the international project INFUTURE.

scholarly journals Influence of Expenditures in the Development of the Digital Economy on the Volume of Russia's GDP

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-440
Author(s):  
S. P. Petrov ◽  
◽  
M. P. Maslov ◽  
A. I. Karpovich ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Information Base ◽  
Statistical Indicator ◽  
The Russian Federation

The purpose of this work is to assess the effectiveness of achieving planned investment indicators within the framework of the national program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» and the adequacy of investments in the digitalization of the economy to form positive dynamics of Russia's GDP. The hypothesis is tested about the presence of influence, along with the indicators of the functioning of traditional sectors of the economy, of indicators of digital sectors of the economy and indicators of investments in digital transformation in Russia. The methodology for such calculation is based on the theory of elasticity, which can be used to analyze the efficiency of resources (investments) in the case of alleged underfunding of a certain economic entity, that took place in the case of the specified program. This technique involves the construction of a Cobb-Douglas production function. The data of Russian statistical compilations in the regional context for the period from 2015 to 2018 were used as an information base for calculating and constructing a production function. Within the adopted specification of the cross-sectional regression model, the parameters of the production function were determined for each year within the specified period. Also, the predicted values ​​of the indicators of the used information base for 2019 and 2020 were determined using the linear regression method, and, proceeding from them, parameters of the production function were determined. Due to the incompatibility of data on the indicator of internal costs for the development of the digital economy in the program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» and the statistical indicator of the cost of information and communication technologies, it was necessary to calculate the ratio between these indicators. The solution to this problem showed that these indicators are in good agreement with each other with a difference of only a few percent. The final result of the study is an assessment of GDP losses while maintaining the dynamics of digitalization costs observed in 2015-2018, suggesting continuation of the trend towards the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program being underfunded in 2019 and 2020.

scholarly journals NATO Threat and National Security in the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Valery Zhuravel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Balance Of Forces

The article reveals the real and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region from the North Atlantic bloc. Special attention is paid to the study of the strengthening of the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other countries of the alliance, the main directions of discrediting the activities of the Russian Federation in the Arctic by our geopolitical opponents. The article analyzes the composition and direction of multinationnal military exercises that contribute to the growth of conflict potential in the region. It is noted that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarized regions of Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the Far North can lead to a violation of the balance of forces and relations between states in the security sphere, negatively affect the course and results of the Russian presidency of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023.The measures of Russia to strengthen its defense capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity are revealed. The importance of using the Recommendations of the participants of the expert dialogue on reducing the risks of military confrontation between Russia and NATO in Europe, which reflect specific measures to defuse military tensions on the European continent, including in the Arctic, is emphasized.

scholarly journals Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in various regions of the Russian Federation: results of the first stage of the multicenter cross-sectional randomized study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Pigarova ◽  
Liudmila Y. Rozhinskaya ◽  
Nino N. Katamadze ◽  
Alexandra A. Povaliaeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Troshina
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Russian Federation

Background. A vitamin D deficiency is a global wide health problem. Inadequate vitamin D status leads to serious medical, social and economic consequences and requires timely diagnosis and adequate correction.Aim: to assess the incidence of vitamin D deficiency among the population living in regions of the Russian Federation located at latitudes from 45° to 70° and to study its relationship to various factors (demographic, socio-economic, geographical, etc.).Materials and methods. A multicenter, cross-sectional, randomized study of individuals of both sexes aged 18 to 50 years. The study of 25ОНD level in the blood serum was carried out by INVITRO LLC laboratories using chemilumescent analysis in two stages: in the period from March to May 2020 and from October to November 2020. The first stage of the study involved 500 volunteers (77% women, 23% men). Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, factors associated with vitamin D levels, were assessed using a specially designed questionnaire.Results. In this article we present the results of the first stage. A countrywide high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (56.4%) and insufficiency (27.9%) was revealed, that is, 84.3% of the population aged 18–50 years requires cholecalciferol supplementation. The lowest vitamin D status was found in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Kyzyl and Rostov-on-Don (over 90% of participants had inadequate levels). A decrease in the level of 25ОНD was observed to a greater extent in men than in women (p <0.05), as well as in young people aged 18–25 years (p <0.05). No major association of vitamin D status with anthropometric parameters, the number of days of disability, were not found. However, those who went to tanning beds or were in direct sunlight for at least 30 days a year had higher levels of 25ОНD, and those using sunscreens had lower levels.Conclusion. The data obtained confirms the widespread prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in the country (84.3% of participants), generally not related to the geographical latitude of residence, which indicates the need for vitamin D supplementation in a significant part of the population.

scholarly journals The first Russian multicenter non-interventional registry study to study the incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1209-1216
Author(s):  
Lyudmila A. Suplotova ◽  
Valeria A. Avdeeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Pigarova ◽  
Liudmila Ya. Rozhinskaya ◽  
Tatiana L. Karonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Registry Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Federation

Aim. To assess the incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among the adult population living in the regions of the Russian Federation located at latitudes from 45 to 70. Materials and methods. Russian multicenter non-interventional registry study using the "cross-sectional" method. Results. In this study, 72.1% of the examined have the status of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, while an adequate level was diagnosed in 27.8% of cases. When assessing the degree of vitamin D deficiency depending on the season, statistically significant differences (p0.00001) were found between the periods: vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was observed in 84.2% of autumn and in 62.4% of spring. The highest incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was recorded in males compared with females (p=0.013, 79 and 70.3% respectively). Vitamin D deficiency is observed in young people in the age subgroup of 1825 years (p0.001, 54% in the study as a whole) much more often than in older people Conclusion. The widespread high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Russian Federation is not related to geographic region of residence, but to some extent depends on the season. The high-risk group for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is young men. The significant role of vitamin D in the human body justifies the need to supplement and clarify a single concept for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated with deficiency, so higher implementation of National Clinical Guidelines is needed.

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