scholarly journals Depressive symptoms in adults in rural and urban regions of Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e048090
Author(s):  
Philip D St John ◽  
Verena Menec ◽  
Robert Tate ◽  
Nancy E Newall ◽  
Denise Cloutier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sectional Analysis

ObjectivesPrevious studies on depression in rural areas have yielded conflicting results. Features of rural areas may be conducive or detrimental to mental health. Our objective for this study was to determine if there are rural–urban disparities in depressive symptoms between those living in rural and urban areas of Canada.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study, which is as representative as possible of the Canadian population—the Tracking Cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. For this cohort, data were collected from 2010 to 2014. Data were analysed and results were obtained in 2020.Participants21 241 adults aged 45–85.MeasuresRurality was grouped as urban (n=11 772); peri-urban (n=2637); mixed (n=2125; postal codes with both rural and urban areas); and rural (n=4707). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. We considered age, sex, education, marital status and disease states as potential confounding factors.ResultsThe adjusted beta coefficient was −0.24 (95% CI −0.42 to −0.07; p=0.01) for rural participants, −0.17 (95% CI −0.40 to 0.05; p=0.14) for peri-urban participants and −0.30 (95% CI −0.54 to −0.05; p=0.02) for participants in mixed regions, relative to urban regions. Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms were similar in rural and urban regions.ConclusionsThe small differences in depressive symptoms among those living in rural and urban regions are unlikely to be relevant at a clinical or population level. The findings do suggest some possible approaches to reducing depressive symptoms in both rural and urban populations. Future research is needed in other settings and on change in depressive symptoms over time.

scholarly journals Associations of the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown on Self-Reported Happiness and Worry about Developing Loneliness: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Rural, Regional, and Urban Australian Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9501
Author(s):  
Vivian Isaac ◽  
Teresa Cheng ◽  
Louise Townsin ◽  
Hassan Assareh ◽  
Amy Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Australia adopted hard lockdown measures to eliminate community transmission of COVID-19. Lockdown imposes periods of social isolation that contributes to increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and worry. We examined whether lockdowns have similar psychosocial associations across rural and urban areas and whether associations existed between happiness and worry of loneliness in the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Data were collected using the “COVID-19 Living Survey” between 13 and 20 May 2020 by BehaviourWorks Australia at the Monash Sustainable Development Institute. The mean self-reported feeling of happiness and anxiousness (N = 1593), on a 10-point Likert scale with 0 being least happy or highly anxious, was 6.5 (SD = 2.4) and 3.9 (2.9), respectively. Factors associated with happiness were older age and having a postgraduate education. Participants worried about becoming lonely also exhibited reduced happiness (estimate = −1.58, 95%CI = −1.84–−1.32) and higher anxiousness (2.22, 1.93–2.51) scores, and these conditions remained associated after adjusting for demographics. Interestingly, worry about loneliness was greater in rural areas than in urban communities. The negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on rural youth and those less-educated was evident. Participants in rural Australia who were worried about becoming lonely were reportedly less happy than participants in major cities. This dataset provides a better understanding of factors that influence psychological well-being and quality of life in the Australian population and helps to determine whether happiness may be an associative factor that could mitigate self-feelings of anxiety and worry about loneliness.

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto ◽  
Shashi Kandel ◽  
Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽  
Arfianti Arfianti
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

scholarly journals KUALITAS DIET, STATUS GIZI DAN STATUS ANEMIA WANITA PRAKONSEPSI ANTARA DESA DAN KOTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Cindy Fariski ◽  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
Hartanti Sandi Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Rural And Urban

The health status during the preconception period was important to prepare pregnancy. Living patterns that can affect diet quality and nutritional status. This study aimed to analyze the differences in diet quality, nutritional status, and anemia between preconception women in rural and urban areas. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional design that consisted of 68 brides aged 16-35 years selected by consecutive sampling. Diet quality was obtained by diet quality index international (DQI-I) form. Nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Hemoglobin levels were measured by the cyanmethemoglobin method. Data were analyzed by Independent T-test and Mann Whitney. Subjects in rural and urban areas had low diet quality. The score of variation in the type of protein intake, total fat, and saturated fat was higher in rural areas than urban areas (p=0,001; p=0,013; p=0,002). The mean BMI and MUAC were higher in urban subjects than rural subjects but the hemoglobin levels of rural subjects were higher than urban subjects. The subjects of anemia in urban was 23,5 percent were higher than rural was 14,7 percent but the risk of chronic energy deficiency in rural was 55,9% were higher than urban was 11,8 percent. There were no differences in diet quality and hemoglobin levels between preconception women in rural and urban areas (p=0,990; p=0,116). There were a differences in BMI and MUAC (p=0,026; p=<0,001). There were differences in nutritional status based on BMI and MUAC in both areas. There were no differences in diet quality and hemoglobin levels in rural and urban areas

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Determinants of Malaria in Selected Urban and Rural Areas in Anambra State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
C. C. Nduka ◽  
H. N. Chineke ◽  
P. O. Adogu ◽  
A. F. Chizoba
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Malaria, a disease of poverty, is of significant public health concern. It is endemic in Nigeria with the risk of transmission appearing to be high because of favorable climatic and environmental factors. Increased susceptibility to malaria has also been linked to dirty surroundings that favor the breeding and propagation of the vector, poor access to quality health care and ignorance especially of malaria prevention strategies. However, this study investigated the role of socioeconomic factors responsible for the observed difference in malaria prevalence between selected rural and urban areas of Anambra, Nigeria. A descriptive comparative cross-sectional study, data on demographic and socioeconomic variables were collected from 202 urban and rural respondents, then analyzed using SPSS platform to generate chi-square test of significance. The results were presented in figures, table and charts for clarity. All the subjects were aware of the term malaria but only 63.4% had adequate specific knowledge of malaria. Generally, 25.7% of rural participants had no formal education while the urban group had only 4% of that particular category. About 52.5% of rural participants earned below 50,000 naira monthly, with 14.9% earning above 100,000 naira while the reverse was the case in the urban area. Also, the number of malaria episodes was inversely proportional to the household monthly income (X2=24.30, p<0.001). More episodes of malaria were also reported among the unskilled workers and skilled workers (71.3%) compared to Professionals (28.7%), yet all the participants reported the presence of a healthcare facility <3km from their houses with 95% and 80.2% of them in the rural and urban areas respectively having to pay out-of-pocket for healthcare services. It is clear that socioeconomic factors play a role in the persistence of malaria as an endemic disease in Nigeria. Therefore, existing control measures should incorporate strategies to end poverty and ignorance especially among the rural populace.

scholarly journals Multimorbidity Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians: The RODAM Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Marzà-Florensa ◽  
Daniel Boateng ◽  
Charles Agyemang ◽  
Erik Beune ◽  
Karlijn A. C. Meeks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Objectives: Multimorbidity is a growing public health concern due to the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, yet information about multimorbidity in low- and middle-income countries and migrant populations is scarce. We aimed to investigate the distribution and patterns of multimorbidity in rural and urban areas in Ghana and Ghanaian migrants in Europe.Methods: The RODAM cross-sectional study included 4,833 participants. Multimorbidity was defined as presence of multiple non-communicable chronic conditions. Patterns were determined from frequent combination of conditions. Prevalence ratios were estimated by logistic regression.Results: Prevalence of multimorbidity was higher in women and in urban Ghana and Europe. We observed a cardiometabolic pattern in all sites as well as circulatory-musculoskeletal and metabolic-musculoskeletal combinations in Ghana. Multimorbidity prevalence ratios were higher in Europe (men 1.47, 95% CI 1.34–1.59, women 1.18, 1.10–1.26) and urban Ghana (men 1.46, 1.31–1.59, women 1.27, 1.19–1.34).Conclusion: Distribution and patterns of multimorbidity differed by sex and site. With a higher burden of multimorbidity in urban areas, prevention strategies should focus on forestalling its increase in rapidly growing rural areas.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization Status of Children between 12-23 months in Bareilly District

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari S Joshi ◽  
Rakesh Gupta ◽  
Arun Singh ◽  
Vipul Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Rural And Urban

Objectives: To assess the immunization status of children in the age group 12-23 months and to know the reasons for non-immunization of children. Method: -  A cross-sectional survey was conducted using WHO’s thirty cluster sampling technique in rural and urban areas of Bareilly district from August 2008 to January 2009. Rural areas were divided into blocks and blocks were divided into villages. Urban areas were divided into wards. Villages and wards were taken as clusters. During the house-to-house survey, a total of 240 children of age 12-23 months were included in the present study. Result:  only around 50% of children were fully immunized while 27.5% were partially and 22.5 % were not immunized at all. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG (62.5%) and lowest for measles (39.2%). Dropout rates were 37.3%, 19.7% and 18.2% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3 and OPV1 to OPV3 respectively. Vitamin A prophylaxis showed a decline from 38.3 % to 16.7%. Amongst the various reasons for not immunizing the child, the most common in both rural (78.7%) and urban areas (28.6%) was lack of awareness for the need of vaccination. However in rural areas lack of availability of services (87.2%) was the major cause for not immunizing the child. Conclusion: The present study shows a low coverage of immunization and Vitamin A prophylaxis in both rural and urban areas. Important reasons for non-immunization were lack of awareness about vaccination and availability of immunization services in rural areas and urban areas.Key Words: Immunization coverage; Children between 12-23 months; Vitamin A Prophylaxis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i2.5091 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1 (2):47-50

scholarly journals 3298 Diabetes Prevalence in Rural and Urban Patients Seeking Care from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA): 2007-2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 88-88
Author(s):  
Danira Medunjanin ◽  
Melanie L. Davis ◽  
Barbara Wojciechowski ◽  
Cheryl P. Lynch ◽  
Clara E. Dismuke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Diabetes Prevalence ◽  
Veterans Health ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Sectional Analysis

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To examine rural-urban disparities in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in veterans receiving care at the VA and to determine the extent to which demographic factors and obesity levels contribute to identified disparities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective serial cross-sectional analysis was employed. A stratified weighted random sample of veterans who received care at a VA facility was selected each year for 2007 through 2012. Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were based on resident zip code. Diabetes was defined by two or more primary or secondary ICD-9 codes for diabetes (250.xx) within a 12 month period. Data were analyzed using complex survey-specific procedures. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Diabetes prevalence 2007-2012 was lowest in urban (20.5%-21.0%), followed by highly rural (21.1%-22.1%) and rural (22.3%-23.0%) areas with the prevalence being significantly higher on the insular islands (31.0%-32.4%). In 2012, 41% of urban, 43% of rural and highly rural and 30% of insular island veterans were obese. Relative to urban areas, the odds ratio for prevalent diabetes was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.12) for rural veterans, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.23) for insular island veterans, and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.02) for highly rural veterans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is high in veterans residing in rural, highly rural and urban areas, but markedly higher on the insular islands. Understanding the burden of disease and factors driving disparities provides information required to develop targeted interventions.

scholarly journals Prevalence Of Refractive Errors In School Going Children In Rural And Urban Areas -A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Dr. Chimata Triveni ◽  
◽  
Dr. Tirumuru Divya ◽  
Dr. Ponna Rama Devi ◽  
Dr. N. Lakshmi Chowdary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Introduction: Visual impairment affects students’ routine schoolwork and day-to-day activities.Hence, the aim is to study the prevalence of various refractive errors and their comparison amongschool children of 5-15 years in rural and urban areas. Methods: This cross-sectional studyexamined 998 students from both rural and urban schools. After obtaining ethical clearance andinformed consent, students were examined for refractive errors. The students with the refractiveerror were given a socio-demographic questionnaire and questionnaire regarding their usage oftelevision, computer, and family history of refractive errors. A Chi-square test was used to test thestatistical significance of proportions. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, anddata were analyzed by using coGuide software, V.1.03 Results: The prevalence of refractive errorwas found to be 6.41 %, with a prevalence of 7.61% in urban and 5.21% in rural areas. Thedifference in the type of refractive error between the study groups was found to be insignificant,with P= 0.897. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive errors was more in urban school children thanrural. Refractive error was more prevalent in 13-15 years age group in both rural and urban schoolchildren. The most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism andhypermetropia.

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