scholarly journals Correction: Was the risk of death among the population of teachers and other school workers in England and Wales due to COVID-19 and all causes higher than other occupations during the pandemic in 2020? an ecological study using routinely collected data on deaths from the Office for National Statistics

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e050656corr1
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Routinely Collected Data

scholarly journals Was the risk of death among the population of teachers and other school workers in England and Wales due to COVID-19 and all causes higher than other occupations during the pandemic in 2020? An ecological study using routinely collected data on deaths from the Office for National Statistics

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e050656
Author(s):  
Sarah J Lewis ◽  
Kyle Dack ◽  
Caroline L Relton ◽  
Marcus R Munafo ◽  
George Davey Smith
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
All Cause Mortality

ObjectivesTo estimate occupation risk from COVID-19 among teachers and others working in schools using publicly available data on mortality in England and Wales.DesignAnalysis of national death registration data from the Office for National Statistics.SettingEngland and Wales, 8 March–28 December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsThe total working age population in England and Wales plus those still working aged over 65 years.Primary and secondary outcomesDeath with COVID-19 as a primary outcome and death from all causes as a secondary outcome.ResultsAcross occupational groups, there was a strong correlation between COVID-19 mortality and both non-COVID-19 and all-cause mortality. The absolute mortality rates for deaths with COVID-19 were low among those working in schools (from 10 per 100 000 in female primary school teachers to 39 per 100 000 male secondary school teachers) relative to many other occupations (range: 9–50 per 100 000 in women; 10–143 per 100 000 in men). There was weak evidence that secondary school teachers had slightly higher risks of dying with COVID-19 compared with the average for all working-aged people, but stronger evidence of a higher risk compared with the average for all professionals; primary school teachers had a lower risk. All-cause mortality was also higher among all teachers compared with all professionals. Teaching and lunchtime assistants were not at higher risk of death from COVID-19 compared with all working-aged people.ConclusionThere was weak evidence that COVID-19 mortality risk for secondary school teachers was above expectation, but in general school staff had COVID-19 mortality risks which were proportionate to their non-COVID-19 mortality risk.

scholarly journals Crise Económica em Portugal: Evolução da Incidência de Depressão e Correlação com o Desemprego

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Laplanche Coelho ◽  
Mafalda Sousa-Uva ◽  
Nuno Pina ◽  
Sara Marques ◽  
Carlos Matias-Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Portuguese Population ◽  
Sentinel Network ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Previous studies have found an increase in the incidence rate of depression between 2007 – 2013 in Portugal, with a positive correlation with the unemployment rate, namely, in men. So, it was hypothesized that this increase is related with the situation of economic crisis. This study aimed to investigate if the correlation between unemployment rates and the incidence of depression is maintained in the post-crisis period of economic recovery in Portugal (2016 – 2018).Material and Methods: An ecological study was carried out, using data from the General Practitioners Sentinel Network concerning depression incidence (first episodes and relapses) and data from the National Statistics Institute on unemployment rates in the Portuguese population. The correlation coefficient was estimated using linear regression and the results were disaggregated by sex.Results: Between 2016 and 2018, there was a consistent decrease in the incidence of depression in both sexes. During the 1995 – 2018 period, a positive correlation was observed between unemployment and depression, with a coefficient of 0.833 (p = 0.005) in males and of 0.742 (p = 0.022) in females.Discussion: The reduction in the incidence of depression in both sexes observed between 2016 – 2018 corroborates a positive correlation between unemployment and depression in the Portuguese population, previously observed between 2007 – 2013.Conclusion: This study highlights the need to monitor the occurrence of mental illness in the Portuguese population, especially in moments of greatest social vulnerability in order to establish preventive measures, as a way to mitigate the impact of future economic crises.

scholarly journals Social inequalities and the rise in violent deaths in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil: 2000-2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s298-s308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Chaves Viana ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out using information zones as units of analysis in order to assess the evolution of socio-spatial inequalities in mortality due to external causes and homicides in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, in 2000 and 2006. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and the City Health Department (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) provided the data sources, and causes of death were reviewed and reclassified based on reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto Médico Legal). The information zones were classified into four social strata according to income and schooling. The ratio between mortality rates (inequality ratio) was calculated and confirmed a rise of 98.5% in the homicide rate. In 2000, the risk of death due to external causes and murders in the stratum with the worst living conditions was respectively 1.40 and 1.94 times greater than in the reference stratum. In 2006 these figures were 2.02 and 2.24. The authors discuss the implications for inter-sectoral public policies, based on evidence from the study's findings.

scholarly journals Reliability of Statistics on Down's Syndrome Notifications

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Huang ◽  
H C Watt ◽  
N J Wald ◽  
J K Morris ◽  
D Mutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Antenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Birth Prevalence ◽  
Live Births ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Using Data

Objectives— To evaluate the completeness of notifications of Down's syndrome live births and terminations to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) using data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register (NDSCR). To examine the agreement of observed birth prevalence of Down's syndrome with the expected birth prevalence derived from published maternal age specific rates. Methods— The number of live births (adjusted to allow for the estimated under-ascertainment) and the number of terminations due to fetal Down's syndrome from NDSCR were compared with those figures reported to the ONS. Subsequently, using the NDSCR figures, the live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome that would have occurred in the absence of antenatal diagnosis and selective termination was calculated in England and Wales in the years 1990–1993. These figures were compared with those derived by applying published age specific prevalences to the maternal age distribution in England and Wales. Results— It is estimated that only 48% and 46% respectively of Down's syndrome live births and terminations of pregnancy were notified to ONS between 1990 and 1993. The annual expected birth prevalences of Down's syndrome obtained by applying maternal age specific prevalences to the maternal age distribution were in close agreement with observed rates from NDSCR. Conclusions— There is considerable underreporting of Down's syndrome births and terminations to ONS. The NDSCR data are more complete and therefore the effects of screening should be monitored using data from this source, or using estimates derived from the age specific rates of Down's syndrome.

scholarly journals Reply to a letter from Robert Colebunders entitled COVID-19: The African Enigma

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. e7024833
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Guerrero ◽  
Luis Eduardo Bravo ◽  
Edgar Muñoz ◽  
Elvia Karina Grillo Ardila ◽  
Esteban Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Inflammatory Signalling ◽  
Unmeasured Confounders

We thank Dr. Colebunders for his comments regarding our manuscript. Our study was an ecological study prompted by the low frequency of cases and deaths from the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 virus in some African countries. We agree with Dr. Colebunders that other factors could explain the observed association between APOC countries and COVID-19 mortality. However, these unmeasured confounders would have to be strongly associated with Covid-19 mortality to explain the observed 28% reduction. In updated information, as of 12-17-20, APOC countries had a 42% lower risk of death than the non-APOC countries, adjusted for confounders. (Not published) Hellwig et al., in addition to reporting similar findings to ours for African and Asian countries, surmised that they may be connected to ivermectin’s ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication suggesting other pathways must exist to explain the persistence of such an inhibitory effect after serum levels of ivermectin have declined. As mentioned by Mbow et al. “, it is increasingly recognized that the immune system is shaped not only by genetics but also by environmental factors, such as exposure to microorganisms and parasites. This educates the immune system to protect against invading pathogens not only specifically but also nonspecifically through, for example, “trained immunity,” which involves the reprogramming of innate cells that, on secondary encounter with a pathogen, can show a stronger response.” Those infections, such as onchocerciasis, may downregulate immune responses and potentially inactivate the inflammatory signalling pathways that may induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one of the causes of death in COVID-19 infected persons, seems very attractive explanation.  

scholarly journals Religious affiliation and the risk of COVID 19 related mortality; a retrospective analysis of variation in pre and post lockdown risk by religious group in England and Wales

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hannah Gaughan ◽  
Daniel Ayoubkhani ◽  
Vahe Nafilyan ◽  
Peter Goldblatt ◽  
Chris White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundCOVID 19 mortality risk is associated with demographic and behavioural factors; furthermore religious gatherings have been linked with the spread of COVID. We sought to understand the variation in the risk of COVID 19 related death across religious groups in the UK both before and after lockdown.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of usual residents in England and Wales enumerated at the 2011 Census (n = 48,422,583), for risk of death involving COVID-19 using linked death certificates. Cox regression models were estimated to compare risks between religious groups. Time dependent religion coefficients were added to the model allowing hazard ratios (HRs) pre and post lockdown period to be estimated separately.ResultsCompared to Christians all religious groups had an elevated risk of death involving COVID-19; the largest age adjusted HRs were for Muslim and Jewish males at 2.5 (95% confidence interval 2.3-2.7) and 2.1 (1.9-2.5), respectively. The corresponding HRs for Muslim and Jewish females were 1.9 (1.7-2.1) and 1.5 (1.7-2.1). The difference in risk between groups contracted after lockdown. Those who affiliated with no religion had the lowest risk of COVID 19 related death before and after lockdown.ConclusionThe majority of the variation in COVID 19 mortality risk was explained by controlling for socio demographic and geographic determinants; however, Jews remained at a higher risk of death compared to all other groups. Lockdown measures were associated with reduced differences in COVID 19 mortality rates between religious groups, further research is required to understand the causal mechanisms.

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