scholarly journals Social inequalities and the rise in violent deaths in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil: 2000-2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s298-s308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Chaves Viana ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out using information zones as units of analysis in order to assess the evolution of socio-spatial inequalities in mortality due to external causes and homicides in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, in 2000 and 2006. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and the City Health Department (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) provided the data sources, and causes of death were reviewed and reclassified based on reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto Médico Legal). The information zones were classified into four social strata according to income and schooling. The ratio between mortality rates (inequality ratio) was calculated and confirmed a rise of 98.5% in the homicide rate. In 2000, the risk of death due to external causes and murders in the stratum with the worst living conditions was respectively 1.40 and 1.94 times greater than in the reference stratum. In 2006 these figures were 2.02 and 2.24. The authors discuss the implications for inter-sectoral public policies, based on evidence from the study's findings.

scholarly journals Female reproductive factors and risk of external causes of death among women: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiori Tanaka ◽  
Sarah K. Abe ◽  
Norie Sawada ◽  
Taiki Yamaji ◽  
Taichi Shimazu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
External Causes

Abstract Although empirical data suggest a possible link between female reproductive events and risk of nonfatal accidents and suicidal behaviors, evidence to determine these effects on mortality is scarce. This study investigated the association between female reproductive factors and the risk of external causes of death among middle-aged Japanese women. We used a population-based cohort study consisting of 71 698 women residing in 11 public health center areas across Japan between 1990 and 1994. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of the risk of all external causes, suicide, and accidents according to female reproductive factors at the baseline survey. During 1 028 583 person-years of follow-up for 49 279 eligible subjects (average 20.9 years), we identified 328 deaths by all injuries. Among parous women, ever versus never breastfeeding [0.67 (95% CI: 0.49–0.92)] was associated with a decreased risk of all injuries. Risk of suicide was inversely associated with ever versus never parity [0.53 (95% CI: 0.32–0.88)]. A lower risk of death by accidents was seen in ever breastfeeding [0.63 (95% CI: 0.40–0.97)] compared to never breastfeeding. This study suggests that parity and breastfeeding are associated with reduced risk of death by all external causes, suicide and/or accidents among Japanese women.

scholarly journals Contribution of main causes of death to social inequalities in mortality in the whole population of Scania, Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosvall ◽  
Basile Chaix ◽  
John Lynch ◽  
Martin Lindström ◽  
Juan Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

scholarly journals Changes in mortality inequalities by marital status in Lithuania during 2001-2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sauliune ◽  
O Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
R Kalediene
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Never Married ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

Abstract Introduction Health inequalities have emerged as a big issue of public health in Lithuania. Recent studies have demonstrated increasing mortality differentials between marital status groups, occurring mainly due to a decline in mortality of the married populations. The aim of the study - to determine changes in inequalities in mortality from major causes of death by marital status in Lithuania during 2001-2014. Methods Individual records from population censuses conducted in 2001 and 2011, National Mortality Register (period of 2001-2014), and Population Register (period of 2001-2014) have been linked using personal identification number. Study included those aged 30+. Mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, external causes and digestion system diseases by the marital status (married and unmarried - never married, the widowed and the divorced) were calculated per 100 000 person years and standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed calculating rate ratio, while trends in it - conducting the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results Mortality from all analyzed causes of death among males and females in 2001 and 2014 was statistically significantly higher in unmarried compared to married. Inequalities in mortality by marital status increased statistically significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 2001-2014 from cardiovascular diseases, cancer and external causes. The most significant increase in inequalities by 3.3% (p < 0.05) on average per year was estimated from external causes among males. Inequalities in mortality from digestion system diseases did not change significantly throughout the study period. Conclusions Inequalities in mortality by marital status increased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 2001-2014 with the most significant increase from external causes. Key messages Mortality from all analyzed causes of death among Lithuanian males and females in 2001 and 2014 was statistically significantly higher in unmarried compared to married. Inequalities in mortality by marital status increased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 2001-2014 with the most significant increase from external causes.

Cause of Death after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-Based Health Record Review Analysis Referenced for Nonhead Trauma

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dmitry Esterov ◽  
Erica Bellamkonda ◽  
Jay Mandrekar ◽  
Jeanine E. Ransom ◽  
Allen W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Record Review ◽  
Age And Sex

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and is associated with decreased survival. Although it is generally accepted that TBI increases risk of death in acute and postacute periods after injury, causes of premature death after TBI in the long term are less clear. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cohort sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with confirmed TBI from January 1987 through December 1999 was identified. Each case was assigned an age- and sex-matched non-TBI referent case, called <i>regular referent</i>. Confirmed TBI cases with simultaneous nonhead injuries were identified, labeled <i>special cases</i>. These were assigned 2 age- and sex-matched <i>special referents</i> with nonhead injuries of similar severity. Underlying causes of death in each case were categorized using death certificates, <i>International Classification of Diseases</i>, <i>Ninth Revision</i>, <i>International Statistical Classification of Diseases</i>, <i>Tenth Revision</i>, and manual health record review. Comparisons were made over the study period and among 6-month survivors. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Case-regular referent pairs (<i>n</i> = 1,257) were identified over the study period, and 221 were special cases. In total, 237 deaths occurred among these pairs. A statistically significant difference was observed between total number of deaths among all cases (<i>n</i> = 139, 11%) and regular referents (<i>n</i> = 98, 8%) (<i>p</i> = 0.006) over the entire period. This outcome was not true for special cases (32/221, 14%) and special referents (61/441, 14%) (<i>p</i> = 0.81). A greater proportion of deaths by external cause than all other causes was observed in all cases (52/139, 37%) versus regular referents (3/98, 3%) and in special cases (13/32, 41%) versus special referents (5/61, 8%) (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001 for both). Among all case-referent pairs surviving 6 months, no difference was found between total number of deaths (<i>p</i> = 0.82). The underlying cause of death between these 2 groups was significantly different for external causes only (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). For special cases surviving 6 months versus special referents, no difference was observed in total number of deaths (<i>p</i> = 0.24) or underlying causes of death (<i>p</i> = 1.00) between groups. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> This population-based case-matched referent study showed that increased risk of death after TBI existed only during the first 6 months after injury, and the difference was due to external causes.

scholarly journals Evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 1991/2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s176-s184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Andrade Cruz ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, between 1991 and 2006. The city was divided into four social strata from 95 geographic Information Zones. The variables used for social stratification were education level and income of heads of households. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates, age specific mortality rates, proportional Infant mortality and the proportional mortality ratio, were calculated for each zone and social strata. Data was obtained from Death Certificates and the Populational Census. Although differences between strata were smaller in 2000 than in 1991, they persist and are still high, ranging from 28.7% to 65.5%. The differences between Information Zones were as much as 575%. The authors discuss the shortcomings of information systems, recommending that health indicators should be estimated by social classes and pointing out the limits and possibilities of the methodology used here.

scholarly journals Effects of age, period, and birth cohort on homicide mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 to 2015

2022 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Reis de Andrade ◽  
Fabrício dos Santos Menezes ◽  
Max Moura de Oliveira ◽  
Gleice Margarete de Souza Conceição ◽  
Maria Fernanda Tourinho Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Poisson Models ◽  
The City ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract: Although São Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil - one of the world’s most violent countries - a significant reduction in its homicide mortality rate (HMR) has been detected. This study aims to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the trend of homicide mortality according to sex in the city of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2015. An ecological study was undertaken with data on deaths by homicide for both sexes, in all age brackets, in the city of São Paulo. Poisson models were adjusted for each sex to estimate the age-period-cohort effects. In total, 61,833 deaths by homicide were recorded among males and 5,109 among females. Regardless of the period, the highest HMR occurred in the 20-24 age bracket. Higher HMRs were found in those born in the 1970s and 1980s. The complete model, with age-period-cohort effects, were the best fit to the data. The risk of death by homicide declined over the periods, with lower intensity in the final five years (2011-2015), for both males (RR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.46; 0.49) and females (RR = 0.52; 95%CI: 0.47; 0.57). A reduction was found in the risk of homicide, regardless of the sex or age bracket, and also in recent cohorts. However, the intensity of such reductions has been decreasing over time, which suggests that the public policies adopted have limited potential to maintain these achievements.

scholarly journals Counting the non-existing: causes of death of undocumented migrants in Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium), 2005–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Lafaut ◽  
Hadewijch Vandenheede ◽  
Johan Surkyn ◽  
Gily Coene
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Migrant Health ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
External Causes

Abstract Background So far knowledge about undocumented migrant health status is poor. The objective of this study is to compare patterns in causes of death between undocumented migrants and legal residents, of both migrant and non-migrant origin. Method Using cause-of-death data, we compared undocumented migrants with Belgian residents and documented migrants through logistic regression analyses.. Results This study shows that male undocumented migrants have a significantly higher risk of death from cardiovascular diseases compared to male Belgian residents (OR: 1.37) and documented migrants (OR: 2.17). Male undocumented migrants also have an increased risk of dying from external causes of death compared to documented migrants (OR: 1.93). Furthermore, we found a lower risk of suicidal death in undocumented migrants compared to Belgian residents (OR men: 0.29, OR women: 0.15). Conclusions We found important differences in underlying causes of death between undocumented migrants and residents in Belgium. These findings urge us to claim improved healthcare provision for undocumented migrants in Belgium. Trial registration Medical ethics committee UZ Jette, Brussels, Belgium – Registration date: 18/05/2016 – Registration number: B.U.N. 143201628279.

scholarly journals Social inequalities in causes of death amenable to health care in Norway

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Hem ◽  
Øyvind Næss ◽  
Bjørn Heine Strand
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data File ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Norwegian Population

Objective: Investigate if there are educational inequalities in causes of death considered amenable to health care in Norway and compare this with non-amenable causes. Methods: The study used the concept of “amenable mortality”, which here includes 34 specific causes of death. A linked data file, with information from the Norwegian Causes of Death Registry and the Educational Registry was analyzed. The study population included the whole Norwegian population in two age groups of interest (25-49 and 50-74 years). Information on deaths was from the period 1990-2001. Education was recorded in 1990 and it was grouped in four categories as: basic, lower secondary, higher secondary and higher. In the study men and women were analysed seperately. The analysis was conducted for all amenable causes pooled with and without ischemic heart disease. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted to estimate hazard rate ratios. Results: The study showed educational differences in mortality from causes of death considered amenable to health care, in both age groups and sexes. This was seen both when including and excluding ischemic heart disease. The effect sizes were comparable for amenable and non-amenable causes in both age groups and sexes. Conclusions: This study revealed systematic higher risk of death in lower educational groups in causes of death considered amenable to health care. This indicates potential weaknesses in equitable provision of health care for the Norwegian population. Additional research is needed to identify domains within the health care system of particular concern.

scholarly journals Mapeamentos das Desigualdades de Renda em Dourados – MS / Mapping of income inequality in Dourados-MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (48) ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Luana Santos Souza ◽  
Alexandre BERGAMIN VIEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatial View ◽  
The City

Entendemos ser essencial a análise e a compreensão da produção e estruturação do espaço urbano das cidades brasileiras, que cada vez mais se apresentam desiguais, segregadas e excludentes. Neste artigo buscamos compreender as características gerais das discussões sobre desigualdades sociais através da elaboração do mapeamento de indicadores sociais, a fim de revelar a realidade socioespacial da cidade de Dourados – MS.  Os mapas temáticos permitem-nos identificar e analisar como a exclusão social e as desigualdades se expressam no espaço intraurbano douradense. Assim o mapeamento dos indicadores sociais proporciona uma melhor visualização espacial da realidade, pois o mapa como instrumento de leitura da realidade, indicando o “o que” e o “onde”, cria uma visão da cidade que é espacial e relacional. Assim, para este texto foram elaborados mapas acerca da renda per capita do domicílio, buscando revelar onde a exclusão social é mais evidente, ao identificar o “o lugar de cada um” na cidade de Dourados. Ao mesmo tempo, os mapas auxiliam no processo de implementação de políticas que buscam amenizar o processo de exclusão social.Palavras–chave: Dourados; Mapeamento; Desigualdade Socioespacial.AbstractWe believe it is essential to the analysis and understanding of the production and structuring of urban space in brazilian cities, which increasingly have inequalities, segregated and exclusionary. In this article we try to understand the general characteristics of the discussions on social inequalities through the development of mapping social indicators in order to reveal the socio-spatial reality of the city of Dourados-MS. Thematic maps allow us to identify and analyze how social exclusion and inequalities are expressed in the intra-urban douradense space. So the mapping of social indicators provides a better spatial view of reality, because the map as a true reading instrument, indicating the "what" and "where" creates a vision of the city that is spatial and relational. So for this text were prepared maps on the per capita income of the household, seeking to reveal where social exclusion is more evident, to identify the "place of the each" in the city of Dourados. At the same time, the maps help in policy implementation process seeking to ease the process of social exclusion.Keywords: Dourados; mapping; Socio-Spatial inequalities

scholarly journals Potential years of life lost in Campinas-Brazil between 2000-2017 due to external causes of death

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Komoda ◽  
M R B Fernández ◽  
R C Cordeiro
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
The Poor ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
External Causes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Potential Years of Life Lost indicator is an alternative to the use of traditional indicators to evaluate impacts of external causes of death for its ability to evaluate the magnitude of premature death. This study aims to evaluate the impact in the PYLL of premature deaths due to external causes in Campinas, between 2000 and 2017, and to show selectiveness of violence targeting the poor. We performed a cross-sectional epidemiological study describing the PYLL due to external causes in the city of Campinas between 2000 and 2017. Amongst the variables studied, focus was given to the Human Development Index by Neighborhood (HDIN) of each individual (obtained by relating addresses to the official HDIN census), to evaluate impact of poverty in PYLL, mainly in homicides. A total of 12175 people died from external causes between 2000 and 2017. The distribution of the PYLL in the year 2000 indicated a loss of 35.8 years for every 1000 inhabitants with a high decrease until 2005 to an average of 17.45 from 2005 to 2017. Although we observed this decrease in PYLL, analysis by social strata shows disparities between PYLL of the rich and poor. When all external causes were considered, low and very low-HDI population had the most significant PYLL (27 and 30.3 respectively) compared to high and very high-HDI population (18.3 and 9.9 respectively), and when only homicides were taken into account, an even greater disparity was observed between the lower-HDI and higher-HDI stratas (overall average of 16.55 and 5.55 respectively). Through PYLL analysis, we could observe the selectiveness of violence towards the low and very low-HDI population, which shows that, public policies that aim improve population health cannot be restricted to health sectors, but also include socio-economic actions against social inequalities and income concentration. Key messages Although external causes of death seems to be decreasing in Campinas, violence seems to target the poor. Any policy that aims to prevent violent causes of death must necessarily take into account social disparities.

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