Incidence and associated factors of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm infants, a cross-sectional study in selected NICUs in Ethiopia

BackgroundPreterm infants have high risk of developing growth restriction and long-term complications. Enteral feeding is often delayed in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for the fear of feeding intolerance and the associated necrotising enterocolitis, and recent advances in nutritional support are unavailable in low-income countries.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the incidence and associated factors of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) among preterm infants in selected NICUs in Ethiopia.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study involving a subgroup analysis of preterm infants admitted to hospitals, from a multicentre descriptive study of cause of illness and death in preterm infants in Ethiopia, conducted from 2016 to 2018. EUGR was defined as weight at discharge Z-scores <−1.29 for corrected age. Clinical profiles of the infants were analysed for associated factors. SPSS V.23 software was used for analysis with a significance level of 5% and 95% CI.ResultFrom 436 preterm infants included in the analysis, 223 (51%) were male, 224 (51.4%) very low birth weight (VLBW) and 185 (42.4%) small for gestational age (SGA). The mean (SD) of weight for corrected age Z-score at the time of discharge was −2.5 (1.1). The incidence of EUGR was 86.2%. Infants who were SGA, VLBW and longer hospital stay over 21 days had increased risk of growth restriction (p-value<0.01). SGA infants had a 15-fold higher risk of developing EUGR at the time of discharge from hospital than those who were appropriate or large for gestational age (OR (95% CI)=15.2 (4.6 to 50.1).ConclusionThe majority of the infants had EUGR at the time of discharge from the hospital, which indicates suboptimal nutrition. Revision of national guidelines for preterm infants feeding and improvement in clinical practice is highly required.

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The Prevalence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Associated Factors Among Enteral Fed Preterm and Low Birth Weight Neonates Admitted in Selected Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study

Global Pediatric Health ◽

10.1177/2333794x211019695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 2333794X2110196

Author(s):

Sitotaw Molla Mekonnen ◽

Daniel Mengistu Bekele ◽

Fikrtemariam Abebe Fenta ◽

Addisu Dabi Wake

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains to be the most critical and frequent gastrointestinal disorder understood in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The presented study was intended to assess the prevalence of NEC and associated factors among enteral Fed preterm and low birth weight neonates. Institution based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 enteral Fed preterm and low birth weight neonates who were admitted at selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa from March 25/2020 to May 10/2020. The data were collected through neonates’ medical record chart review. A total of 350 participants were enrolled in to the study with the response rate of 99.43%. One hundred eighty-four (52.6%) of them were male. The majority 123 (35.1%) of them were (32 + 1 to 34) weeks gestational age. The prevalence of NEC was (25.4%) (n = 89, [95% CI; 21.1, 30.0]). Being ≤28 weeks gestational age (AOR = 3.94, 95% CI [2.67, 9.97]), being (28 + 1 to 32 weeks) gestational age (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI [2.21, 8.31]), birth weight of 1000 to 1499 g (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.22, 4.33]), APGAR score ≤3 (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI [1.32, 4.16]), prolonged labor (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI [1.35, 6.38]), maternal chronic disease particularly hypertension (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI [1.70, 5.90]), chorioamnionitis (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI [3.9, 13]), failure to breath/resuscitated (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI [1.7, 4.4]), CPAP ventilation (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI [1.50, 12.70]), mixed milk (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI [2.16, 9.32]) were factors significantly associated with NEC. Finally, the prevalence of NEC in the study area was high. So that, initiating the programs that could minimize this problem is required to avoid the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with NEC.

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Serum Concentrations of Selected Organochlorines in Pregnant Women and Associations with Pregnancy Outcomes. A Cross-Sectional Study from Two Rural Settings in Cambodia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17207652 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (20) ◽

pp. 7652

Author(s):

Margit Steinholt ◽

Shanshan Xu ◽

Sam Ol Ha ◽

Duong Trong Phi ◽

Maria Lisa Odland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Low Income ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Maternal Serum ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural Settings

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 194 pregnant women from two low-income settings in Cambodia. The inclusion period lasted from October 2015 through December 2017. Maternal serum samples were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The aim was to study potential effects on birth outcomes. We found low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP), except for heptachlors, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor epoxide, and p,p’-DDE. There were few differences between the two study locations. However, the women from the poorest areas had significantly higher concentrations of p,p’-DDE (p < 0.001) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (p = 0.002). The maternal factors associated with exposure were parity, age, residential area, and educational level. Despite low maternal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, we found significant negative associations between the PCB congeners 99 (95% CI: −2.51 to −0.07), 138 (95% CI: −1.28 to −0.32), and 153 (95% CI: −1.06 to −0.05) and gestational age. Further, there were significant negative associations between gestational age, birth length, and maternal levels of o,p’-DDE. Moreover, o,p’-DDD had positive associations with birth weight, and both p,p’-DDD and o,p’-DDE were positively associated with the baby’s ponderal index. The poorest population had higher exposure and less favorable outcomes.

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Inpatients’ experience and the associated factors: A cross-sectional study at Lung hospital, Son La, in 2020

Journal of Health and Development Studies ◽

10.38148/jhds.0504skpt21-007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 110-116

Author(s):

Huu Thang Nguyen ◽

◽

Thi Nguyet Minh Doan ◽

Thanh Huong Tran ◽

Hai Thanh Pham

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Income Group ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Middle Income Group

Objectives: Medical facilities with an autonomous tendency always try to serve positive and pleasant experiences to improve the brand name, increase patient satisfaction and loyalty. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 inpatients at Lung Hospital in Son La province in 2020. To describe the current situation of the inpatient's experience at Lung Hospital in Son La province by 2020 and its related factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 245 inpatients at Son La Lung Hospital Results: The study showed that the total score of inpatients’ experience ranged from 22 points to 57 points and the mean of it was 39.7 (6.13) points. Subject's experience scores were divided into 2 groups, the satisfied group accounted for 32.7% and the percentage of the unsatisfied group was 67.3%. As compared to men, a higher total score of women was (OR: 1.134; 95% CI: 0.284-0.997). The urban area group’s score was 1,190 times higher than that of those who live in rural and mountainous areas (95% CI: 1,010 - 1,400). The middle-income group had more positive experience than the low-income group (OR: 1.180; 95% CI: 1.010 - 1.370). Conclusions: Our research showed that gender, living area and economic condition affected the total score of inpatients’ experience at the Lung hospital. Keywords: Patient experiences, inpatient treatment, hospital, associated factors

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Non-prescription use of Antibiotics and its Associated Factors in Drug Retail Outlet in Ambo Town, Oromiya, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-145866/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Bule ◽

Hika Alemayehu ◽

Tesemma Sileshi ◽

Eshetu E. Chaka

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Low Income ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Regulatory Body ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Background The non-prescription use of antibiotics is a major challenge faced by all nations. The practice is pronounced in developing and low-income countries where legislation and regulations are weak. The present study assessed the non-prescription use of antibiotics and associated factors in Ambo town, West Shoa, Oromiya, Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study design supported with the qualitative study was conducted in Ambo town from February 1to March 1, 2020. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview guide questions. Simple random sampling was used to select retail outlets and systematic random sampling to select study participants. The data analysis was done using SPSS and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with non-prescription use of antibiotics. Thematic framework analysis was applied for the qualitative data. Results From a 421 study sample, a total of 399 participants were interviewed with a 94.8% response rate. Among the study participants 214 (53.6) were males, 228 (57.1%) were married, 191(47.9%) were orthodox by religion and, 343(86%) were Oromo by ethnicity. One hundred seventy two (43.1%) 95% CI= (38.6, 48.1) of the participants had used non prescribed Antibiotics. Being male [AOR = 2.21 95%CI 1.276,3.835], residing in rural area [AOR = 3.659, 95%CI 1.479, 9.054], holding Diploma[AOR = 0.120, 95% CI 0.025, 0.591], and hold BSC Degree [AOR = 0.050, 95% CI 0.007, 0.378], and being farmer [AOR = 0.034, 95% CI 0.004, 0.285] showed significant association with the non prescription use of Antibiotics. Conclusion This study concluded that the non-prescription use of antibiotics 172 (43.1%) was relatively high. Being male, residing in a rural area, holding a diploma, BSc Degree, and being a farmer were significantly associated with non-prescription use of antibiotics. So West Shoa Zone regulatory body should actively focus on the prevention of non-prescription use of Antibiotics through health communication and public awareness on the demerits of non-prescription use of Antibiotics

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Prevalence of cataract and its associated factors among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra zone, Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community based cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.20312/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Ahmed ◽

Biruk Beletew ◽

Ayelign Mengesha ◽

Merkineh Markos

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

Multi Stage

Abstract Background Cataract is a major cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. Its greatest burden found in low-income countries. Therefore, knowing the prevalence and identification of risk-factors would be crucial in planning strategies to delay its development.Objective To assess prevalence and associated factors of cataract among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2019.Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 528 adults in Waghimra Zone. Multi stage sampling technique was employed. Questionnaire, Snellen’s chart and slit lamp was used to collect the data. Data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.Result Within the sample, the prevalence of cataract was 20.1% (95% CI: 16.87, 23.32). being older age (AOR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), single (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 1.60, 23.9), divorced (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.48), widowed (AOR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.07- 5.29) were associated with cataract.Conclusion Cataract is a major health problem in the study area that would increase with ageing Hence, concerned body should strengthen further screening and treating of patients who are targeted groups such as aged, single, widowed, divorced population.

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Prevalence of psoriasis and associated risk factors in China: protocol of a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027685 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e027685 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jing Li ◽

Meiwen Yu ◽

Ya-wen Wang ◽

Jia-an Zhang ◽

Mei Ju ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Income ◽

Sampling Design ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

World Health Assembly Resolution ◽

Increased Risk

IntroductionPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which could lead to serious complications and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Psoriasis was recognised as a serious non-communicable disease with important public health impact by member states in the World Health Assembly resolution in 2014. However, data on psoriasis epidemiology are scarce worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. Only a few epidemiological studies on psoriasis have been conducted in parts of China, mostly without appropriate sampling design and data analysis.AimThis study aims to obtain the prevalence of psoriasis in China and relevant risk factors through a nationwide, population-based study with adequate statistical design.Methods and analysisThis is a cross-sectional study to be conducted in 60 sites across China. A multistage, cluster random sampling design is used. Participants should have local household registration or be residing in the survey area for at least 6 months during the past year. The presence of psoriasis is ascertained independently by two certified dermatologists. If any discrepancies in the diagnosis occur, consensus will be met via discussion. All participants will be interviewed with a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and disease information. The field survey will be implemented from October 2018 to June 2019. All statistical analyses will be conducted using survey procedures in SAS V.9.2 software to adjust for the complex sample design.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Nanjing, China). A written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before the questionnaire survey. Findings of the study will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals.

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Perceived fear of COVID-19 and its associated factors among Nepalese older adults in eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254825

Author(s):

Uday Narayan Yadav ◽

Om Prakash Yadav ◽

Devendra Raj Singh ◽

Saruna Ghimire ◽

Binod Rayamajhee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Age Groups ◽

Psychological Needs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected all age groups worldwide, but older adults have been affected greatly with an increased risk of severe illness and mortality. Nepal is struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic. The normal life of older adults, one of the vulnerable populations to COVID-19 infection, has been primarily impacted. The current evidence shows that the COVID-19 virus strains are deadly, and non-compliance to standard protocols can have serious consequences, increasing fear among older adults. This study assessed the perceived fear of COVID-19 and associated factors among older adults in eastern Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2020 among 847 older adults (≥60 years) residing in three districts of eastern Nepal. Perceived fear of COVID-19 was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Multivariate logistic regression identified the factors associated with COVID-19 fear. Results The mean score of the FCV-19S was 18.1 (SD = 5.2), and a sizeable proportion of older adults, ranging between 12%-34%, agreed with the seven items of the fear scale. Increasing age, Dalit ethnicity, remoteness to the health facility, and being concerned or overwhelmed with the COVID-19 were associated with greater fear of COVID-19. In contrast, preexisting health conditions were inversely associated with fear. Conclusion Greater fear of the COVID-19 among the older adults in eastern Nepal suggests that during unprecedented times such as the current pandemic, the psychological needs of older adults should be prioritized. Establishing and integrating community-level mental health support as a part of the COVID-19 preparedness and response plan might help to combat COVID-19 fear among them.

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Representative estimates of COVID-19 infection fatality rates from four locations in India: cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050920 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. e050920

Author(s):

Rebecca Cai ◽

Paul Novosad ◽

Vaidehi Tandel ◽

Sam Asher ◽

Anup Malani

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Large Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Income ◽

Income Country ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectivesTo estimate age-specific and sex-specific mortality risk among all SARS-CoV-2 infections in four settings in India, a major lower-middle-income country and to compare age trends in mortality with similar estimates in high-income countries.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingIndia, multiple regions representing combined population >150 million.ParticipantsAggregate infection counts were drawn from four large population-representative prevalence/seroprevalence surveys. Data on corresponding number of deaths were drawn from official government reports of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 deaths.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was age-specific and sex-specific infection fatality rate (IFR), estimated as the number of confirmed deaths per infection. The secondary outcome was the slope of the IFR-by-age function, representing increased risk associated with age.ResultsAmong males aged 50–89, measured IFR was 0.12% in Karnataka (95% CI 0.09% to 0.15%), 0.42% in Tamil Nadu (95% CI 0.39% to 0.45%), 0.53% in Mumbai (95% CI 0.52% to 0.54%) and an imprecise 5.64% (95% CI 0% to 11.16%) among migrants returning to Bihar. Estimated IFR was approximately twice as high for males as for females, heterogeneous across contexts and rose less dramatically at older ages compared with similar studies in high-income countries.ConclusionsEstimated age-specific IFRs during the first wave varied substantially across India. While estimated IFRs in Mumbai, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were considerably lower than comparable estimates from high-income countries, adjustment for under-reporting based on crude estimates of excess mortality puts them almost exactly equal with higher-income country benchmarks. In a marginalised migrant population, estimated IFRs were much higher than in other contexts around the world. Estimated IFRs suggest that the elderly in India are at an advantage relative to peers in high-income countries. Our findings suggest that the standard estimation approach may substantially underestimate IFR in low-income settings due to under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths, and that COVID-19 IFRs may be similar in low-income and high-income settings.

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Perceived Fear of COVID-19 and its Associated Factors Among Nepalese Older Adults in Eastern Nepal: Findings From a Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-125117/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Uday Yadav ◽

Om Prakash Yadav ◽

Devendra Raj Singh ◽

Saruna Ghimire ◽

Binod Rayamajhee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Psychosocial Interventions ◽

Psychological Needs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted all age groups, but older adults may have greater distress given their increased risk for severe illness and mortality. In Nepal, most stories of older adults are untold ̶ both in pre-COVID-19 and the COVID-19 era. In this study, we aimed to assess the perceived fear of COVID-19, and associated factors, among older adults in eastern Nepal.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2020 among 847 older adults (≥60 years) residing in three districts of eastern Nepal. Perceived fear of COVID-19 was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). In order to examine the factors associated with the COVID 19 fear, a generalized estimating equation, adjusting the sampling design was used. STATA 15 and JASP 0.13.1 were used for data analyses.ResultsThe mean score of the FCV-19S was 18.1±5.2, and a sizeable proportion of participants, ranging between 12%-34%, agreed to the seven items of the fear scale. Increasing age, Dalit ethnicity remoteness to the health facility, and being concerned or overwhelmed with the COVID-19 were associated with greater fear of COVID-19. Surprisingly, pre-existing health conditions were inversely associated with fear of COVID-19.ConclusionGreater fear of the COVID-19 pandemic among the older population suggests that during unprecedented times such as the current pandemic, the psychological needs of most vulnerable groups should be prioritized. Fear among the most vulnerable groups could be reduced with the flow of adequate genuine information as well as better preparedness and psychosocial interventions.

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Willingness of Households to Pay Community Based Health Insurance and its Associated Factors in Mecha District, Northwest Ethiopia: Community based Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-182524/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Getaneh Bizuayehu Demeke

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Low Income ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Scale Up ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Based Health Insurance

Abstract Background Community-based health insurance schemes helps to give financial protection and decrease direct out- of-pocket payment for health care based on the assumption of risk-pooling and community solidarity to risks of falling sick. Ethiopia is a low income country with more of health spending out of pocket payment by households. Community based health insurance was introduced in Ethiopia in 2010.It covers only the rural community and informal sector. Objectives this study aimed to assess willingness of households to pay community based health insurance and its associated factors in Mecha district, Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods Community based cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 285 household heads using multistage sampling techniques in Mecha district Northwest Ethiopia. The data were collected by using trained data collectors and using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine the presence of statistically significant associations between the dependent and independent variables at p-value < 0.05 and AOR values with 95% CI. Results From the total of 296 sampled respondents, 285 participated in the study with the response rate of 96.3%. Of these, 251(88.1%) were willing to join voluntary as well as 34(11.9%) were join mandatory and 256(89.8%) of them were willing to pay community based health insurance services. The average amount of money the households were willing to pay per household per annum was 334.02 ETB found with the interval of (317.32–351.30) with the range between 240–1000 ETB. Conclusions The willingness of house hold heads to pay for the community-based health insurance was high. Residence, join CBHI, premium affordable, CBHI have an advantage and distance from households home to HF were more willing to pay CBHI schemes. The study indicated that high willing to pay and low CBHI package fulfil the needs of HH treatment as well as overall CBHI service level was poor. Therefore, Mecha district CBHI coordinating office should be scale up the community-based health insurance services in the scheme.

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