Gamolenic acid in atopic eczema: ▾ epogam

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (18) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Evening Primrose

Epogam capsules (Scotia) contain oil from the seed of the evening primrose which is rich in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and its metabolite gamolenic (gamma-linolenic) acid. Epogam is licensed for use to relieve symptoms in atopic eczema, and is claimed to act at a fundamental metabolic level in this disease. Conventional treatment of eczema is often unsatisfactory, and any claim of an advance must be taken seriously. How well founded are the claims made for Epogam?

scholarly journals The effect of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Hassam ◽  
M. A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fraction ◽  
Liver Phospholipid ◽  
Dietary Energy

1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy.2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction.3. The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of γ-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).

Interaction between oxidative stress and gamma-linolenic acid in impaired neurovascular function of diabetic rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. E471-E476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Cameron ◽  
M. A. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Endoneurial Blood Flow ◽  
Joint Treatment

Nerve conduction and perfusion deficits in diabetic rats depend on increased oxidative stress and impaired n-6 essential fatty acid metabolism, which are corrected by free radical scavenger and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)-rich oil treatments, respectively. We investigated the interaction between these mechanisms on conduction velocity and endoneurial blood flow by use of low-dose antioxidant (BM15.0639) and GLA treatments, alone and in combination. After 8 wk of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, sciatic motor conduction velocity was 20.9% reduced. Treatment with GLA or BM15.0639 for the final 2 wk corrected this deficit by 18.5 and 20.0%, respectively; however, joint treatment caused 71.5% improvement, corresponding to a 7.5-fold amplification of individual drug effects. A 48.3% deficit in sciatic nutritive endoneurial blood flow was corrected by 34.8 and 24.8% with GLA and BM15.0639 treatments, respectively. With joint treatment, the flow improvement of 72.5% was greater than expected from individual drug effects, indicating a facilitatory interaction. Thus the synergistic effect of combined antioxidant and n-6 essential fatty acid treatment could potentially provide increased therapeutic power against diabetic neuropathy.

Gamma-linolenic Acid Levels of Native Species of Evening Primrose (Oenothera)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 518c-518
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Balch ◽  
Cynthia B. McKenney ◽  
Dick L. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Native Seed ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Species Specific

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is an essential fatty acid that serves as a precursor for prostaglandin biosynthesis in humans. GLA was first extracted from the seed oils of evening primrose, and currently Oenothera biennis is the major commercial source of evening primrose oil. In this study, native species of the Onagraceae family occurring in semiarid regions of Texas were surveyed. Seeds from these native populations were collected and oil extracted for analyzation of fatty acid composition. Gamma-linolenic acid levels ranged from less than 1% to 8% and was species specific. GLA levels from field-grown plants from native seed were compared with GLA levels from corresponding native populations. Two species of native Oenothera were evaluated for relative levels of GLA over several harvest dates.

Metabolism of Gamma-Linolenic Acid in Essential Fatty Acid-deficient Rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed G. Hassam ◽  
John P. W. Rivers ◽  
Michael A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid Deficient

Essential fatty acid requirements in human nutrition

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Innis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid

Arachidonic acid (20:4ω−6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω−3) are major acyl components of cell membrane phospholipids, and are particularly enriched in the nonmyelin membranes of the central nervous system. Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (18:2ω−6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω−3) during development has been shown to result in reduced levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 in the developing central nervous system, and this has been associated with altered learning behaviour and visual function. Synthesis of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 depends on the dietary intake of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3, respectively, and the activity of the fatty acid desaturase–elongase enzymes. Oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, or direct acylation of 18:2ω−6 into triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids, could also influence the amount of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 formed. The tissue levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3, or other (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids, compatible with optimum growth and development or health are not known. The amount of preformed 22:6ω−3 in the diet of adults, infants fed various milks or formulae, or animals is reflected in the circulating lipid levels of 22:6ω−3. Human milk levels of (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids vary, depending in part on the mother's diet. A valid, scientific approach to extrapolate dietary essential fatty acid requirements from the composition of human milk or the circulating lipids of infants fed different diets has not been agreed on. Current data suggest that fatty acid requirements for development of term-gestation piglet brain and retina are met with 5.0% dietary kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) 18:2ω−6 and > 1.0% kcal 18:3ω−3, As in rodents and non-human primates, a diet source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 does not seem essential for the developing piglet central nervous system. However, studies in very premature infants suggest these infants may benefit from a dietary source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3. Whether the low 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 status is due to oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, the effects of early intravenous feeding with lipid emulsions, rapid growth, or immaturity of physiological or metabolic pathways in very preterm infants is not yet known.Key words: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, brain, retina.

scholarly journals Effects of Seed Treatments on Germination of Seed Collected from Native Populations of Oenothera

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 465D-465
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Balch ◽  
Cynthia B. McKenney ◽  
Dick L. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Commercial Source

Oenothera biennis, common evening primrose, is grown commercially for its seed, which contains high levels of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a fatty acid with pharmaceutical and dietary importance. Other native species of Oenothera are being evaluated for the presence of GLA in their seed and their potential as a commercial source of GLA. Native evening primrose species have shown slow emergence and low germination percentages. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of chilling, scarification, and priming on germination of seed for six species of native evening primrose. Overall, seed germination was improved by seed treatments. However, responses to the various treatments differed among species.

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

scholarly journals Influence of sex and gonadal hormones on rat-liver and carcass lipids during the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ostwald ◽  
P Bouchard ◽  
P Miljanich ◽  
RL Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Fatty Acid Deficiency

1. Groups of intact male and female rats and castrated rats injected with oestradiol or testosterone were given a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil for 9 weeks, and at intervals the amounts and fatty acid compositions of the carcass and liver lipids were determined. 2. Male rats grew faster and larger, and exhibited typical external essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms sooner than did females. Testosterone-treated castrated male rats were similar to males, and oestradiol-injected castrated male rats resembled females. 3. Intact females maintained a higher linoleic acid concentration in their carcass than did males. Total amounts of carcass linoleic acid remained similar for all groups, only 200mg. being removed in 9 weeks regardless of body size. 4. The amounts of total cholesteryl esters were independent of liver size. They were higher in males and testosterone-treated castrated male rats than in females and oestrogen-treated castrated male rats. 5. Phospholipids represented about 80% of the liver lipids. The total amounts of the phospholipid linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were similar for all groups regardless of liver size, and were not affected appreciably by the deficiency. Females and oestrogen-treated castrated male rats maintained a higher proportion of phospholipid arachidonic acid for longer periods than did their male counterparts. Both the total amounts and the proportions of eicosatrienoic acid and palmitic acid were higher in males than in females. 6. Supplementation of the essential fatty acid-deficient diet with linoleic acid caused a rapid loss of eicosatrienoic acid and palmitic acid with a concomitant increase in stearic acid and arachidonic acid. 7. There were no obvious differences in the way that the essential fatty acids were metabolized or mobilized from adipose tissue of male or female rats during essential fatty acid deficiency. 8. The results indicated that the greater growth rate of the male rats caused them to require and synthesize more phospholipids than did the females. In the absence of adequate amounts of arachidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid was substituted into the additional phospholipid. The earlier symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency in the male rat could therefore be ascribed to the higher tissue concentrations of this unnatural phospholipid and its inability to perform the normal metabolic functions of phospholipids.

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