scholarly journals The effect of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Hassam ◽  
M. A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fraction ◽  
Liver Phospholipid ◽  
Dietary Energy

1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy.2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction.3. The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of γ-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).

scholarly journals Fatty acid chemistry of Atrichum undulatum and Hypnum andoi

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Pejin ◽  
Ljubodrag Vujisic ◽  
Marko Sabovljevic ◽  
Vele Tesevic ◽  
Vlatka Vajs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Behenic Acid ◽  
Moss Species

The fatty acid composition of the moss species Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Polytrichaceae) and Hypnum andoi A.J.E. Sm. (Hypnaceae) collected in winter time were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a contribution to their chemistry. Eight fatty acids were identified in the chloroform/methanol extract 1:1 of A. undulatum (linoleic acid 26.80%, palmitic acid 22.17%, ?-linolenic acid 20.50%, oleic acid 18.49%, arachidonic acid 6.21%, stearic acid 3.34%, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 1.52% and behenic acid 1.01%), while six fatty acids were found in the same type of extract of H. andoi (palmitic acid 63.48%, erucic acid 12.38%, stearic acid 8.08%, behenic acid 6.26%, lignoceric acid 5.16% and arachidic acid 4.64%). According to this study, the moss A. undulatum can be considered as a good source of both essential fatty acids for humans (linoleic acid and ?-linolenic acid) during the winter.

Essential fatty acid requirements in human nutrition

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Innis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid

Arachidonic acid (20:4ω−6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω−3) are major acyl components of cell membrane phospholipids, and are particularly enriched in the nonmyelin membranes of the central nervous system. Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (18:2ω−6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω−3) during development has been shown to result in reduced levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 in the developing central nervous system, and this has been associated with altered learning behaviour and visual function. Synthesis of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 depends on the dietary intake of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3, respectively, and the activity of the fatty acid desaturase–elongase enzymes. Oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, or direct acylation of 18:2ω−6 into triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids, could also influence the amount of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 formed. The tissue levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3, or other (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids, compatible with optimum growth and development or health are not known. The amount of preformed 22:6ω−3 in the diet of adults, infants fed various milks or formulae, or animals is reflected in the circulating lipid levels of 22:6ω−3. Human milk levels of (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids vary, depending in part on the mother's diet. A valid, scientific approach to extrapolate dietary essential fatty acid requirements from the composition of human milk or the circulating lipids of infants fed different diets has not been agreed on. Current data suggest that fatty acid requirements for development of term-gestation piglet brain and retina are met with 5.0% dietary kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) 18:2ω−6 and > 1.0% kcal 18:3ω−3, As in rodents and non-human primates, a diet source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 does not seem essential for the developing piglet central nervous system. However, studies in very premature infants suggest these infants may benefit from a dietary source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3. Whether the low 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 status is due to oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, the effects of early intravenous feeding with lipid emulsions, rapid growth, or immaturity of physiological or metabolic pathways in very preterm infants is not yet known.Key words: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, brain, retina.

scholarly journals Fatty acid changes in liver and plasma lipid fractions after safflower oil was fed to rats deficient in essential fatty acids

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Johnson ◽  
P. Bouchard ◽  
J. Tinoco ◽  
R. L. Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Liver Phospholipid ◽  
Safflower Oil

1. Fatty acid patterns of liver and plasma triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were determined at intervals during 24hr. after essential fatty acid-deficient rats were given one feeding of linoleate (as safflower oil). 2. Liver triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fatty acid compositions did not change up to 7hr. after feeding. Between 7 and 10hr., linoleic acid began to increase in all fractions, but arachidonic acid did not begin to rise in the phospholipid until 14–19hr. after feeding. 3. Oleic acid and eicosatrienoic acid in liver phospholipid began to decline at about the time that linoleic acid increased, i.e. about 9hr. before arachidonic acid began to increase. 4. Changes in linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosatrienoic acid in phosphatidylcholine resembled those of the total phospholipid. Phosphatidylethanolamine had a higher percentage content of arachidonic acid before the linoleate was given than did phosphatidylcholine, and after the linoleate was given the fatty acid composition of this fraction was little changed. 5. The behaviour of the plasma lipid fatty acids was similar to that of the liver lipids, with changes in linoleic acid, eicosatrienoic acid and arachidonic acid appearing at the same times as they occurred in the liver. 6. The results indicated that linoleic acid was preferentially incorporated into the liver phospholipid at the expense of eicosatrienoic acid and oleic acid. The decline in these fatty acids apparently resulted from their competition with linoleic acid for available sites in the phospholipids rather than from any direct replacement by arachidonic acid.

scholarly journals The influence of α-linolenic acid (18: 3ω3) on the metabolism of γ-linolenic acid (18: 3ω6) in the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Hassam
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
List Type ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid Deficient ◽  
Long Chain

1.Essential fatty acid-deficient rats were fed γ-linolenic acid (18:3ω6) at 2 % dietary energy and α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) at 0, 1.6, 2.8 and 4.0 % of the dietary energy.2.18:3ω3 at 1.6% apparently inhibits the synthesis of the C20 and C22 ω6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω6 LC-PUFA) metabolized from 18:3ω6.3.However, increasing the dietary levels of 18:3ω3 from 1.6 to 4.0% has no further influence.4.The results suggest that dietary 18:3ω6 is an efficient precursor for the ω6 LC-PUFA synthesis even in the presence of 18:3ω3.

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

Effect of essential fatty acid depletion on tissue phospholipid fatty acids in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats

Lipids ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Sheng Huang ◽  
Dave E. Mills ◽  
Ron P. Ward ◽  
David F. Horrobin ◽  
Valerie A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acids ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Tissue Phospholipid

Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 encodes an ω3 fatty acid desaturase

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1983-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Oura ◽  
Susumu Kajiwara
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturases ◽  
Desaturase Gene ◽  
Saccharomyces Kluyveri ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene

Fungi, like plants, are capable of producing the 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. These fatty acids are synthesized by catalytic reactions of Δ12 and ω3 fatty acid desaturases. This paper describes the first cloning and functional characterization of a yeast ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene. The deduced protein encoded by the Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 gene (Sk-FAD3) consists of 419 amino acids, and shows 30–60 % identity with Δ12 fatty acid desaturases of several eukaryotic organisms and 29–31 % identity with ω3 fatty acid desaturases of animals and plants. During Sk-FAD3 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-linolenic acid accumulated only when linoleic acid was added to the culture medium. The disruption of Sk-FAD3 led to the disappearance of α-linolenic acid in S. kluyveri. These findings suggest that Sk-FAD3 is the only ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene in this yeast. Furthermore, transcriptional expression of Sk-FAD3 appears to be regulated by low-temperature stress in a manner different from the other fatty acid desaturase genes in S. kluyveri.

Gamolenic acid in atopic eczema: ▾ epogam

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (18) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Evening Primrose

Epogam capsules (Scotia) contain oil from the seed of the evening primrose which is rich in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and its metabolite gamolenic (gamma-linolenic) acid. Epogam is licensed for use to relieve symptoms in atopic eczema, and is claimed to act at a fundamental metabolic level in this disease. Conventional treatment of eczema is often unsatisfactory, and any claim of an advance must be taken seriously. How well founded are the claims made for Epogam?

Lipids of the intestinal mucosa of normal and essential fatty acid deficient rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yurkowski ◽  
B. L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Deficiency ◽  
Arachidonic Acids ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Mucosal lipids were isolated from the proximal, middle, and distal intestinal sections of rats fed diets containing either 10% corn oil or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil, the latter diet being deficient in essential fatty acids. By a combination of column and thin-layer chromatography, the lipids were fractionated and the major components found to consist of triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Several minor constituents were present. Triglycerides and free fatty acids were generally present in higher concentrations in animals fed corn oil, and the concentration of mucosal triglycerides decreased towards the distal end of the intestine whereas free fatty acids increased in this group. Essential fatty acid deficiency resulted in lower levels of linoleic and arachidonic acids and higher levels of palmitoleic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic acids in the mucosal lipids. Mono- and di-enoic fatty acids tended to decrease in concentration from the proximal to the distal end of the intestine; the polyunsaturated acids and, to some extent, the saturated acids, were lowest in the proximal section of the intestine.

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