Demographic and epidemiological decomposition analysis of global changes in suicide rates and numbers over the period 1990–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2021-044263
Author(s):  
Paul Siu Fai Yip ◽  
Yan Zheng ◽  
Clifford Wong
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Population Age Structure ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The World

BackgroundSuicide presents an ongoing public health challenge internationally. Nearly 800 000 people around the world lose their life to suicide every year, and many more attempt suicide.MethodsA decomposition analysis was performed using global suicide mortality and population data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.ResultsDespite a significant decrease in age-specific suicide rate between 1990 and 2019 (-4.01; from 13.8% to 9.8% per 100 000), the overall numbers of suicide deaths increased by 19 897 (from 738 799 to 758 696) in the same time period. The reductions in age-specific suicide rates (−6.09; 152%) contributed to the overall reductions in suicide rates; however, this was offset by overtime changes in population age structure (2.08; −52%). The increase in suicide numbers was partly attributable to population growth (300 942; 1512.5%) and population age structure (189 512; 952.4%), which was attenuated by the significant reduction in overall suicide rates (−470 556; 2364.9%). The combined effect of these factors varied across the World Bank income level regions. For example, in the upper-middle-income level region, the effect of the reduction in age-specific suicide rates (−289 731; −1456.1%) exceeded the effect of population age structure (124 577; 626.1%) and population growth (83 855; 421.4%), resulting in its substantial decline in total suicide deaths (−81 298; −408.6%). However, in lower-middle income region, there was a notable increase in suicide death (72 550; 364.6%), which was related to the net gain of the reduction in age-specific suicide rates (-115 577; -580.9%) and negated by the increase in the number of suicide deaths due to population growth (152 093; 764.4%) and population age structure (36 034; 181.1%).ConclusionMore support and resources should be deployed for suicide prevention to the low-income and middle-income regions in order to achieve the reduction goal. Moreover, suicide prevention among older adults is increasingly critical given the world’s rapidly ageing populations in all income level regions.

Suicide-Related Crimes in Contemporary European Criminal Laws

Crisis ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Public Opinions ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
National Affair ◽  
Attitudes Towards Suicide ◽  
Special Circumstances

This article describes suicide-related penal legislation in contemporary Europe, and analyzes and relates the results to cultural attitudes towards suicide and to national suicide rates. Data were obtained from 42 legal entities. Of these, 34 have penal regulations which - according to definition - chiefly and directly deal with suicide. There are three main types of act: aiding suicide, abetting suicide, and driving to suicide. The laws vary considerably with regard to which acts are sanctioned, how severely they are punished, and whether any special circumstances such as the motive, the result, or the object can make the crime more serious. Various ideologies have inspired legislation: religions, the euthanasia movement, and suicide prevention have all left their mark. There are some cases in which neighboring legal systems have clearly influenced laws on the topic. However, the process seems mostly to have been a national affair, resulting in surprisingly large discrepancies between European legal systems. The laws seem to reflect public opinions: countries which punish the crimes harder have significantly less permissive cultural attitudes towards suicide. Likewise, suicide rates were significantly higher in countries with a narrow scope of criminalization and milder punishments for suicide-related crimes. The cultural and normative elements of society are connected with its suicide mortality.

Panel data comparative analysis on the influence of population age structure on the size of government expenditure in Africa and Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuebuka Bernard Azolibe
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Population Age Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Structures

PurposeAfrica and Asia are the two most populous continents in the world and are projected to increase further in the near future and this puts the governments under great stress in terms of increased public expenditure and dealing with a low revenue generation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the influence of population age structure on the size of government expenditure in Africa and Asia covering the period 1990–2018.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimation in estimating the relevant relationship between the variables in the model.FindingsThe key findings revealed that the major population age structures that influence the size of government expenditure in Africa are population aged 0–14 years and population aged 15–64 years, while that of Asia are population aged 15–64 years and population aged 65 years and above. The findings provided strong support for the Population Reference Bureau report (2019) that countries in Africa are home to some of the world's youngest population, that is, those aged 15 years or below, while Asia is home to some of the world's oldest population, that is, those aged 65 years and above.Research limitations/implicationsWhile generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation is beneficial in the presence of endogeneity, it is only designed for situations with a small time period (T) and a large number of cross sections (N). Hence, the estimation technique was limited only to FMOLS as the number of the cross sections or countries which is ten for Africa and ten for Asia is lower than the time period which is 29 years (1990–2018).Originality/valueEmpirical literature investigating the influence of population age structure on the size of government expenditure has focussed mainly on one aspect of the population age structure and government expenditure, which is the influence of ageing population on government expenditure on health. Hence, this study focussed on assessing the influence of population age structure on the size of government expenditure. The study is unique as it compared the two most populous continents in the world, which are Africa and Asia to determine which of the population age structures have the most significant influence on the size of government expenditure.

scholarly journals Suicidal Behavior in the Mediterranean Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Mehmet Eskin
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
World Average ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

Introduction: Suicidal behavior is a serious public health problem worldwide and shows large intersocietal variation. This study aimed at comparatively investigating the aspects of suicidal behavior in 22 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Methods: The study was conducted with official data retrieved from several sources. The suicidal mortality data were collected from World Health Organization’s data repository. Descriptive statistics, group comparison, correlational and regression statistical analyses were used to summarize the data. Results: The average age standardized suicide rates in the Mediterranean countries are lower than the world average. Except in Morocco, more men kill themselves than women. Suicide rates are lower in Mediterranean Muslim than in Mediterranean Christian countries. Slovenia, France and Croatia have the highest suicide mortality rates. Greatest percentages of suicidal ideation are seen in Croatia, Turkey and Slovenia and the greatest percentages of suicidal attempts are seen in Palestine, Cyprus, Greece and Slovenia. According to the results of the multiple regression analyses, the coefficient of human inequality index was associated with lower both-sex and male suicide rates. Greater percentages of people saying religion is unimportant in daily life in a country were found to be related to higher female suicide rates. Conclusion: The findings from the study have shown that the prevalence of suicidal deaths, thoughts and attempts vary between the Mediterranean countries. Lower suicide rates are observed in the Muslim Mediterranean nations than in the Judeo-Christian ones. However, the rates of suicide mortality in non-Arab Muslim nations being comparable to the rates in non-Muslim countries confirm the concerns over mis/underreporting of suicidal behavior in Arab Muslim countries due to religio-cultural stigma attached to suicide. The average suicidal mortality rates are lower in Mediterranean countries than the world average. Generally, more men than women kill themselves. Results from the multivariate analysis revealed that as the level of human inequality increases the rates for both-sex and male suicidal mortality decreases. Religion seem to be protective against female suicides. The study has also shown that more research is needed about suicidal behavior in the Mediterranean countries.

scholarly journals Demographic Problem in the Modern World Economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Vitalevna Kriukova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Stage

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the current stage of development of the world economy is characterized by a deep structural adjustment, leading to increased differences between industrialized and developing countries. The need to analyze the processes taking place in the modern world economy, as well as the possible scenario of its development under the influence of the demographic factor, further confirms the relevance of this study. The study raises the problem of global economic security – the changing structure of the distribution of the world's population by country and region, the aging of the population in some states, and the formation of a young age structure and accelerated population growth in others.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic Analysis of Suicide Rates Among Older Adults Living in Ecuador: 1997–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Isabela Troya ◽  
Rebekka M. Gerstner ◽  
Freddy Narvaez ◽  
Ella Arensman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Undetermined Intent ◽  
Log Linear

Background: Despite most suicides occurring in low-and-middle-income countries (LAMICs), limited reports on suicide rates in older adults among LAMICs are available. In Ecuador, high suicide rates have been reported among adolescents. Little is known about the epidemiology of suicides among older adults in Ecuador.Aim: To examine the sociodemographic characteristics of suicides among older adults living in Ecuador from 1997 to 2019.Methods: An observational study was conducted using Ecuador's National Institute of Census and Statistics database from 1997 to 2019 in Ecuadorians aged 60 and older. International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) (X60-X84)-reported suicide deaths were included in addition to deaths of events of undetermined intent (Y21-Y33). Sex, age, ethnicity, educational level, and method of suicide were analyzed. Annual suicide rates were calculated per 100,000 by age, sex, and method. To examine the trends in rates of suicide, Joinpoint analysis using Poisson log-linear regression was used.Results: Suicide rates of female older adults remained relatively stable between 1997 and 2019 with an average annual percentage increase of 2.4%, while the male rates increased between 2002 and 2009, 2014 and 2016, and maintained relatively stable within the past 3 years (2017–2019). The annual age-adjusted male suicide rate was 29.8 per 100,000, while the female suicide rate was 5.26 per 100,000 during the study period. When adding deaths of undetermined intent, the annual male rate was 60.5 per 100,000, while the same rate was 14.3 for women. The most common suicide method was hanging (55.7%) followed by self-poisoning (26.0%). The highest suicide numbers were reported in urban districts, men, and those with lower education status.Conclusion: This study contributes to building the baseline for further studies on suicide rates of older adults in Ecuador. Results highlight priority areas of suicide prevention. By examining suicide trends over 23 years, findings can help inform policy and future interventions targeting suicide prevention.

scholarly journals Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
pp. 2260-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Koenen ◽  
A. Ratanatharathorn ◽  
L. Ng ◽  
K. A. McLaughlin ◽  
E. J. Bromet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross National

BackgroundTraumatic events are common globally; however, comprehensive population-based cross-national data on the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paradigmatic trauma-related mental disorder, are lacking.MethodsData were analyzed from 26 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. A total of 71 083 respondents ages 18+ participated. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed exposure to traumatic events as well as 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime PTSD. Respondents were also assessed for treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Age of onset distributions were examined by country income level. Associations of PTSD were examined with country income, world region, and respondent demographics.ResultsThe cross-national lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 3.9% in the total sample and 5.6% among the trauma exposed. Half of respondents with PTSD reported persistent symptoms. Treatment seeking in high-income countries (53.5%) was roughly double that in low-lower middle income (22.8%) and upper-middle income (28.7%) countries. Social disadvantage, including younger age, female sex, being unmarried, being less educated, having lower household income, and being unemployed, was associated with increased risk of lifetime PTSD among the trauma exposed.ConclusionsPTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent. Only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care. Striking disparities in PTSD treatment exist by country income level. Increasing access to effective treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, remains critical for reducing the population burden of PTSD.

scholarly journals Quitline Information Included on Cigarette Packaging: An Assessment of Country Adherence to WHO FCTC Guidelines, 2007 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12193
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Seitz ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward ◽  
Zubair Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

The purpose of this study is to evaluate country adherence to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines in terms of including quitline information on cigarette packaging. Data were gathered from the WHO’s Global Health Observatory database. The study included countries that were signatories to the FCTC, had a toll-free quitline, and required health warnings on cigarette packaging. Countries were then classified by income level according to the World Bank. From 2007 to 2018, the number of countries that established a quitline increased from 34 to 60. During the same timeframe among those countries, the number of countries that included information about the quitline on cigarette packaging increased from 5 to 37, with a larger proportion (79%) of high-income countries promoting their quitlines on cigarette packaging compared to middle-income (45%) countries. Although there was an increase in adherence to the WHO FCTC guidelines, there is still a need for several countries to include quitline information on cigarette packaging.

scholarly journals A Study of Befriending and Its Use on Suicide Prevention in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitabh Roy
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The World

The Goal of this study was to understand the concept of Befriending and its effects on Suicide Prevention in India. In view of the above purpose we studied the model of Befriending across the world and in India. The data was collected from 3 NGOs based out of Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Chennai. According to the data in the year 2006, Suicide rates had increased marginally up-to 1,18,11,12. It is observed that there is an increase in Suicide rate more among men than women.

scholarly journals UŽBURTAME RATE: SAVIŽUDYBIŲ PAPLITIMAS LIETUVOJE PO NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS ATKŪRIMO

Psichologija ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danutė Gailienė
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Mortality Pattern ◽  
Suicide Rates

Lietuvos savižudybių rodiklis jau dešimti metai (nuo 1996 m.) yra didžiausias pasaulyje. Straipsnyje pateikiami duomenys apie savižudybių rodiklių dinamiką Lietuvoje 1990–2002 m. ir, pasiremiant naujausiais tyrimų duomenimis, aptariami veiksniai, kurie gali lemti ilgalaikius aukštus savižudybių rodiklius. Lietuvoje iki šiol vyrauja „sovietinis“ mirtingumo modelis (jam būdingas labai aukštas priešlaikinio mirtingumo lygis bei miesto ir kaimo gyventojų mirtingumo skirtumų didėjimas), o psichikos sveikatos pagalbos sistema nepakankama. Susidaro užburtas ratas: savižudybių labai daug, jokių racionalių priemonių jų sumažinti valstybėje nėra, stiprėja ne tik pasyvi, bet ir savižudybėms palanki nuostata, o tai savo ruožtu didina suicidinę riziką. VICIOUS CIRCLE: SUICIDES IN LITHUANIA AFTER THE INDEPENDENCEDanutė Gailienė SummaryDuring the last 80 years suicide mortality in Lithuania has shown great variation. Nowadays Lithuania has the highest registered suicide rate in the world besides the other Baltic countries and Russia. After the sharp decrease in the mid-80’s, since 1991 the suicide rates start to rise again. In 2002 1551 suicide occurred in Lithuania (44.7 per 100.000 persons). The ratio of male to female rates was 4.5–6.1 in 1990–2002, in the young and middle age it reached 8–10. The suicides are more widespread in rural areas. Among rural men they occur twice as often as among the urban and among women – 1.4 times. By age the highest suicide risk is for middle-aged men. Among the males aged 45–54 years suicide rate reaches 154.6. The most common method of suicide remains hanging, both for males and females.The dramatic increase in suicide rates of the early 1990s corresponds to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regaining of the independence of Lithuania and other Baltic states. Heavy transition from the system based on communist ideology to the open society and market economy was ensuing. However analysis of the trends of suicide mortality in Eastern Europe and in the „newly independent states“ of the former Soviet Union showed that rapid transformations of society do not per se necessarily produce more suicides. Neither the absolute economic changes, nor the level of prosperity in itself correlates significantly with the changes in suicide rates. Intermediate role of culture should be also taken into consideration.The undercurrent reasons of the incredible suicide spread in Lithuania lie in the long lasting effects of the 50 years under the communist regime on the ability of individuals and groups to manage psychosocial stress and changes. „Soviet“ mortality pattern, which is characterized by very high level of premature mortality and growth of urban-rural mortality differences, has not changed during transition period. This leads to vicious circle when the spread of suicides and helpless, indifferent attitude towards suicide prevention, causes the suicide approving attitudes, which increases the risk of suicidal behaviour. The approving attitude towards suicide among Lithuanian schoolchildren increased almost twice over the last decade. The media also „contributes“ to this process, but attempts to change the presentation of suicide in the mass media in 1996–2000 were rather unsuccessful.The national plan of suicide prevention is required to break off the vicious circle.

scholarly journals Suicide and Suicide Prevention From a Global Perspective

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S3-S7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Arensman ◽  
Vanda Scott ◽  
Diego De Leo ◽  
Jane Pirkis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Middle Income

Abstract. In this introductory chapter, we provide the background and rationale for the compilation of overviews of national suicide prevention strategies from all geographic regions globally. Currently, suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people aged 15–29 years at global level. Overall, suicide rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are lower than the rates in high-income countries (HIC) of 11.2 per 100,000 compared with 12.7 per 100,000 population, but the majority of suicide deaths worldwide occur in LMICs. However, there are ongoing challenges in relation to the accuracy of suicide figures in many countries. The rationale for the global approach to suicide prevention is linked to major strategic documents provided by the WHO, including the Global Mental Health Action Plan, 2013–2020, the WHO report Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative, in 2014, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030, including a target of reducing premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by one-third, with suicide mortality rate identified as an indicator for this target. In addition, a review is provided of the evidence base and best practice of suicide prevention programs.

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