6 PTSD and war photo journalists

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. A2.2-A2
Author(s):  
Anthony Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Career Paths ◽  
Combat Veterans ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Foreign Correspondents ◽  
War Journalism ◽  
War Zones ◽  
Anxiety And Fear ◽  
Grave Danger

War journalism is becoming increasingly dangerous. Journalists who define their careers by longevity in war zones have a lifetime prevalence of PTSD similar to frontline combat veterans. Local journalists can also confront grave danger, but unlike foreign correspondents, they work and live in dangerous places. They too have rates of PTSD and depression that well exceed that seen in the general population. Local journalists whose families are targeted are particularly vulnerable in this regard. Journalists who chose these dangerous career paths differ cognitively from their colleagues who have chosen less adventurous careers, most notably when it comes to decisions that entail risk. The ability to manage anxiety and fear in extreme situations may to a degree be modulated by epigenetic factors.

Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Maijer ◽  
M. J. H. Begemann ◽  
S. J. M. C. Palmen ◽  
S. Leucht ◽  
I. E. C. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Mean Lifetime

BackgroundAuditory Hallucinations (AH) are nowadays regarded as symptoms following a continuum; from a (transient) phenomenon in healthy individuals on one end to a symptom of (psychiatric) illnesses at the other. An accumulating number of epidemiological studies focused on the prevalence of AH in the general population, but results vary widely. The current meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on lifetime prevalence of AH across the lifespan.MethodsWe conducted a quantitative review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were combined to calculate a mean lifetime general population AH prevalence rate. Moreover, prevalences were calculated for four age groups: children (5–12 years), adolescents (13–17 years), adults (18–60 years) and elderly (⩾60 years).ResultsWe retrieved 25 study samples including 84 711 participants. Mean lifetime prevalence rate of AH was 9.6% (95% CI 6.7–13.6%). The mean lifetime prevalence was similar in children (12.7%) and adolescents (12.4%), but these two groups differed significantly from the adults (5.8%) and the elderly (4.5%). Significant heterogeneity indicated that there is still dispersion in true prevalence rates between studies, even within the different age categories.ConclusionsCurrent meta-analysis shows that AH are quite common (up to one in ten individuals) in the general population during lifetime, with children and adolescents reporting these experiences significantly more often compared with adults and elderly. Large follow-up studies on the longitudinal course of AH are needed to reveal associated risk and resilience factors.

Prevalence of three bulimia syndromes in the general population

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Bushnell ◽  
J. Elisabeth Wells ◽  
Andrew R. Hornblow ◽  
Mark A. Oakley-Browne ◽  
Peter Joyce
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Women

SynopsisPrevalence of bulimia was estimated from a cross-sectional general population survey of 1498 adults, using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) administered by trained lay interviewers. Lifetime prevalence of the DSM-III syndrome in adults aged 18–64 was 1·0% and this was concentrated in young women: in women aged 18–44 lifetime prevalence was 2·6%, and 1·0% currently had the disorder. Based on clinicians' reinterviews of random respondents and identified and marginal cases, the prevalence of current disorder using criteria for draft DSM-III-R bulimia was 0·5%, for DSM-III it was 0·2%, and for Russell's Criteria bulimia nervosa 0·0%. A strong cohort effect was found, with higher lifetime prevalence among younger women, which is consistent with a growing incidence of the disorder among young women in recent years. Although elements of the syndromes were so common as to suggest that dysfunctional attitudes to eating and disturbed behaviour surrounding eating are widespread, there was little evidence of the bulimia syndrome having become an epidemic on the scale suggested by early reports.

scholarly journals LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION IN 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. E505
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kaouache ◽  
Raluca Ionescu-Ittu ◽  
Andrew Mackie ◽  
Ariane Marelli
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence

scholarly journals Prevalence of Sensory Dysfunction in Smell and/or Taste in Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury and Link to Demographics and Comorbidities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyan M Cabello Ballester ◽  
Isabel C Borrás-Fernández ◽  
Gerardo Jovet-Toledo ◽  
Irma L Molina-Vicenty
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
General Population ◽  
Combat Veterans ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sensory Dysfunction ◽  
Taste Dysfunction ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) entails chronic neurological symptoms and deficits, such as smell and taste impairment. In the general population, a prevalence of 13.5% for smell impairment, 17% for taste impairment, and 2.2% for both have been reported. Studies establishing prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in the U.S. general population showed that prevalence increased with age and was higher in ethnic minorities and men. To understand the mechanisms that lead to these deficits, the prevalence of sensory dysfunction was studied in the Veteran TBI population of the VA Caribbean Healthcare System (VACHS). The aims were to find the prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in smell and/or taste in TBI patients at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic and its association with demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities. The hypothesis was that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste of VACHS Veterans (mostly Hispanics minority) with TBI will be higher than the one historically reported in the literature for the U.S. general population. Materials and Methods A retrospective record review was held at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020 (before coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) to evaluate the prevalence of sensory dysfunction. Data on demographics and comorbidities in the electronic medical records, and the TBI Second-Level Evaluation note, that was previously completed by a physician from the Polytrauma Clinic at the VACHS to diagnose and characterized the TBI event, were reviewed. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. To establish the relation among demographic characteristics and comorbidities with the prevalence of smell and/or taste sensory dysfunction, chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Results A total of 81 records were reviewed. This corresponded to all the patients diagnosed with TBI in the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020. The prevalence of sensory dysfunction in the studied population was 38.3%. Men tend to present a higher prevalence of smell and/or taste dysfunction (40.0%) in comparison with women (16.7%); however, the difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = .399). Hispanics had a relatively higher prevalence of sensory dysfunction than non-Hispanics, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .210). Forty-nine subjects were combat Veterans (60.5%). There was a significant correlation regarding the combat status of the subjects (P = .014), where 24 of the 49 combat Veterans presented smell and/or taste dysfunction (49.0%). A marginal significance was observed for obesity; obese participants were less likely to have a significant smell and/or taste dysfunction (P = .053). Conclusion The investigators found that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste in VACHS Veterans with TBI was 38.3% (n = 31). A significant association was found between smell and/or taste dysfunction and being a combat veteran (P = .018). A marginally significant association to obesity was also observed (P = .053). To the scientific community, the results will serve as a base for sensorial dysfunction and TBI research given that this prevalence, and the correlation to demographics and comorbidities, has not been fully established in the Veteran population.

scholarly journals Perception of the effects of drug use among adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Mihaela Luminita Sandu ◽  
Mihaela Rus ◽  
Ciprian Vasile Rus
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Dynamic Phenomenon ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Drug Agency

At the global level, drug use and trafficking are a dynamic phenomenon, being strongly influenced by a multitude of social and economic factors. and in Romania, drug use and trafficking present new forms of manifestation, requiring increasingly varied approaches, being known as a complex phenomenon, characterized by permanent mutations. If, some twenty years ago, Romania was known as a state where only drugs were transited, in the last ten years, our country has been transformed into a market for drug use, especially heroin. Even though our country is below the European average for drug use, the latest studies conducted by the National Drug Agency indicate a lifetime prevalence of 4.3% for any type of drug in the general population, while among the population for 16-year-old students, this type of prevalence stands at 10%, which shows significant increases in drug use in Romania, at the level of the entire population, but especially among the young.

scholarly journals Sleep Paralysis: An Overlooked Phenomenon

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
Ambreen Kalam ◽  
Fazal Ameen Habib
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Aggregated Data

‘There is a time for many words, and there is also a time for sleep’ Homer, the Odyssey. A recent systemic review of an aggregated data from 35 empirical studies (N=36,533 subjects) found that 7.6% of the general population experienced at least one Sleep paralysis episode over the course of their life. Higher lifetime prevalence rates were found in students (28.3%) and psychiatric patients (31.9%)

Onset of panic disorder and suicide attempts

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
JP Lepine ◽  
JM Chignon ◽  
M Teherani
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Panic Attack ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Increased Risk

SummaryIn a study of the general population, Weissman et al (1989), found that panic disorder is associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt. We estimated the lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideations or suicide attempts in 100 consecutive referrals for treatment of panic disorder. Sixty per cent of these patients had had suicidal ideation and 42% had attempted suicide during their lifetime. With regard to the season of onset of panic attack, we found a very skewed distribution of first panic in late spring or summer. Furthermore, patients who had their first attack in spring or summer had a higher rate of suicidal ideation and an increased risk of suicide attempt.

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