Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries

Understanding the sources, prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mcr gene-harbouring bacteria (MGHB) in the poultry sector is crucial to supplement existing information. Through this, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) could be tackled to improve food safety and reduce public health risks. Therefore, we conducted a literature synthesis of potential sources and characteristic occurrence of MGHB recovered from the poultry sector specific to the high-income countries (HICs). Colistin (COL) is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating deadly infections. For more than 60 years, COL has been used in the poultry sector globally, including the HICs. The emergence and rapid spread of mobile COL resistance (mcr) genes threaten the clinical use of COL. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. By horizontal and vertical transfer, the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes have disseminated in the poultry sector in HICs, thus posing a grave danger to animal and human health, as harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Aeromonas isolates. Conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids are the major backbones for mcr in poultry isolates from HICs. The mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-9 have been integrated into the chromosome, making them persist among the clones. Transposons, insertion sequences (IS), especially ISApl1 located downstream and upstream of mcr, and integrons also drive the COL resistance in isolates recovered from the poultry sector in HICs. Genes coding multi-and extensive-drug resistance and virulence factors are often co-carried with mcr on chromosome and plasmids in poultry isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among poultry strains in HICs is clonally unrestricted. Additionally, the contact with poultry birds, manure, meat/egg, farmer’s wears/farm equipment, consumption of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, and trade of poultry-related products continue to serve as transmission routes of MGHB in HICs. Indeed, the policymakers, especially those involved in antimicrobial resistance and agricultural and poultry sector stakeholders-clinical microbiologists, farmers, veterinarians, occupational health clinicians and related specialists, consumers, and the general public will find this current literature synthesis very useful.

Inflating the Prestige of Demons

In the sixteenth century, witchcraft was generally thought to be a grave danger. Specific people, a majority of them women, were believed to threaten the world as servants of the Devil. In his De praestigiis daemonum, published in 1563, the Dutch / German physician Johan Wier argued that human beings were unable to perform witchcraft and that the women who were accused were innocent but often deluded by demons into believing that they were guilty. In his plea for tolerance Wier was inspired by his brother Matthias and the spiritualist prophet David Joris. In order to convince his readers he used their prejudices, that he himself rejected, about the power of demons and the intellectual capacities of women.

6 PTSD and war photo journalists

War journalism is becoming increasingly dangerous. Journalists who define their careers by longevity in war zones have a lifetime prevalence of PTSD similar to frontline combat veterans. Local journalists can also confront grave danger, but unlike foreign correspondents, they work and live in dangerous places. They too have rates of PTSD and depression that well exceed that seen in the general population. Local journalists whose families are targeted are particularly vulnerable in this regard. Journalists who chose these dangerous career paths differ cognitively from their colleagues who have chosen less adventurous careers, most notably when it comes to decisions that entail risk. The ability to manage anxiety and fear in extreme situations may to a degree be modulated by epigenetic factors.

How the Perceived Language Status of Brunca Affects Resource Allocation in Costa Rica

Beginning with the conquest and colonization of the land that now comprises Costa Rica, the Indigenous peoples and their cultures have suffered great losses. One of the greatest losses is to their languages. One language in particularly grave danger is Brunca. While Indigenous languages are being acknowledged worldwide and within Costa Rica, the Costa Rican government has not provided the necessary resources to maintain them. This chapter incorporates recent field research on Brunca's language vitality into a discussion on the disconnect between government rhetoric and the actual linguistic situation of Brunca.

The Gray Legion: Information Warfare Within Our Gates

The information environment, once viewed as an unassailed common for human knowledge, has revealed itself to be a vector for malicious narratives in the ongoing battle for global hegemony. Since 2014, the United States has been under siege from information attacks on multiple fronts, from cyber infrastructure and goods to the cognitive outlooks of its citizenry. Disinformation as a social media tool represents a novel and grave danger to democracy; it serves as a means for sowing unrest and influencing policy changes while enabling conventional conflict or—in the best case for those who would exploit and manipulate narratives—avoiding it entirely. In this article, we identify the harbinger of a dire threat that circles outside, and now inside, the United States' walls by exploring the theoretical dynamics of foreign, state-sponsored disinformation in democracies throughout the West. We examine the mechanisms through which this approach operates and why it is Russia’s preferred course of action.

An Overstory for Our Time

Care is the intimate and necessary labor required to sustain those who are dependent, but it is also about acting in ways that sustain other species and the lives of strangers distant in time and space. The COVID-19 pandemic shines a spotlight on the vulnerabilities and gaps in global care networks. It creates a crisis of care on multiple levels—the immediate, the dispersed, and the systemic—and it is exceedingly difficult to keep them all in focus. Although Richard Powers’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel, The Overstory (2018), is not about illness or pandemic, it can illuminate varied scales of care at the level of form, by moving from individual stories that are the typical subject of literary realism to a grand vision of the webbed planetary systems—the environment, the internet, the global economy—in which they are enmeshed. This essay argues that, read through the lens of pandemic, the overstory of Powers’s novel is the networks of interdependency that have put the world in grave danger and that gesture to an uncertain future.

Reviewing the civil military relations in Nepal

An exegesis of the civil military relationship of Nepal in its entirety was maintained to examine its historical trend and to generate lessons for future direction. Review of historical materials, opinions of national and international scholars through different time spans, and study of the evolution of civil military relationship from medieval to modern Nepal was carried out. A critically meticulous analysis showed that the civil military relationship in Nepal has been cordial throughout history and the nature of the army has gradually changed from feudal clan based aggregation to a professional army. Much of this professionalism in the army began during the unification campaigns. Deliberation on the issue of the civilian control of the NA showed that it will be utterly unwise to produce civilian shoulders and that we need to stick to a professional army unless a grave danger to our sovereignty materializes. The activities of the army should always be controlled by a duly elected government and its expenses and actions checked and ratified by the parliament. It was concluded that the media image of the NA should remain open, accessible, and politically neutral, and that the army should continue its construction and humanitarian works, both within and beyond the borders. All concerned stakeholders must strive to maintain a harmonious civil military relationship in Nepal.

THE STATUS AND RIGHTS OF AN ILLEGITIMATE CHILD ACCORDING TO MAZHAB ASY-SYAFI'I PERSPECTIVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW IN INDONESIA

The problem of free social interaction brings a grave danger to society which is involved the sexual act out of wedlock which is known as fornication (zina) and causes a harming impact on their offspring psychologically, socially and religiously in the society. This paper is trying to analyze the perspective of an order of Shafi'i on the statuses and the rights of an illegitimate child. Based on library research, this research used a descriptive analysis method to derive the data and information from primary classical textbooks of mazhab Shafi'i. The result of this research shows that according to mazhab Shafi'i, a child who was born under six months after intercourse with her legal husband is believed to be an illegitimate child of another man. The children are not related to his/her biological father and the status of the child for his / her father is an ajnabiyya (non-mahram). If the child is a girl, her biological father is fully permissible to marry her. In the conclusion, the child is not related to his / her biological father and does not have any rights from his/her biological father whether a right to receive household expenses, a guardianship for marriage, and rights of inheritance.

Readings and Receptions

The range of interpretations of Bonhoeffer’s life and thought continues to expand. Because he lived during dramatic times and made fateful decisions that placed him in grave danger, people inside and outside the Christian community are continually reassessing his contemporary relevance. As a way of demonstrating Bonhoeffer’s unique place in the religious imagination, this chapter explores some of the diverse and conflicting ways his legacy has been appropriated in the years since his death. Three constellations of ‘readings and receptions’ will be reviewed: the radical Bonhoeffer shaped by the secularizing theologians of the 1960s, the post-Holocaust Bonhoeffer fashioned by advocates of Jewish–Christian reconciliation, and the populist Bonhoeffer that has emerged in the second decade of the current century. Those who care about Bonhoeffer will do well to pay close attention to the ebb and flow of his reception as uninformed and politicized readings of his legacy become more common.