The end of religious exemptions from immunisation requirements?

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Gregory L Bock
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The One ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

The purpose of this paper is to propose a middle ground in the debate over religious exemptions from measles vaccination requirements. It attempts to strike a balance between public health concerns on the one hand and religious objections on the other that avoids two equally serious errors: (1) making religious liberty an absolute and (2) disregarding religious beliefs altogether. Some think that the issue is straightforward: science has spoken and the benefits to public health outweigh any other concerns. The safety of the community, they say, demands that everybody be vaccinated so that measles outbreaks can be prevented, but such voices often ignore the freedom of religion, which is a mistake. Using Martha Nussbaum’s work on religious liberty, this paper claims that the exemptions should be preserved if a certain level of vaccination rates can be maintained.

The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan ◽  
Robert O. Keohane
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
State Consent ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The One

We articulate a global public standard for the normative legitimacy of global governance institutions. This standard can provide the basis for principled criticism of global governance institutions and guide reform efforts in circumstances in which people disagree deeply about the demands of global justice and the role that global governance institutions should play in meeting them. We stake out a middle ground between an increasingly discredited conception of legitimacy that conflates legitimacy with international legality understood as state consent, on the one hand, and the unrealistic view that legitimacy for these institutions requires the same democratic standards that are now applied to states, on the other.

Ferruccio Busoni and the Absolute in Music: Form, Nature and Idee

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erinn E. Knyt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Ferruccio Busoni ◽  
Absolute Music ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTFerruccio Busoni could be called an advocate of absolute music because of his frequent description of music as ‘absolute’ and his discussion of music as consisting of pure tones and rhythms found in the vibrating universe. However, he developed idiosyncratic theories about the term, its usage and its ideal manifestation in Tonkunst that remain largely unexamined in scholarly literature. True, Carl Dahlhaus noted Busoni's use of the concept to refer to music unconstrained by traditional forms, but this is merely one aspect of Busoni's views, which also, paradoxically, allowed for and included the visual and explicit connections to culture. The hybridity of Busoni's notion, which this article explores through an examination of writings and representative compositions, is especially relevant for current musicological discourse about absolute music. Sitting uneasily with Dahlhaus's more consistent view of absolute music as music apart from text or programme as well as with new musicological approaches that seek to refute the notion of music's autonomy, Busoni's view of absolute music offers a fascinating middle ground between compositions as discrete artistic artefacts on the one hand and as representations of their immediate culture on the other.

scholarly journals “Red is not the only color of a rainbow”: The making and resistance of the “MSM” subject among gay men in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuncheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Education Materials ◽  
Almost All

Public health scholars classify gay men as “men who have sex with men (MSM)” in their studies and interventions. Debates have been raised about the MSM classification for decades. However, we know little about how people who are classified as MSM perceive and respond to this classification, particularly in the authoritarian context where the biopower interacts with the repressive state power. Drawing upon Ian Hacking's dynamic nominalism theory, this study tries to fill these gaps with interviews of 40 gay men in three Chinese cities about their interactions with public health education materials. I examined their perceptions of MSM knowledge and discourses associated with the classification, as well as their identifications to the MSM subject. I found that, on the one hand, many gay men had internalized the MSM subjectivity and considered themselves essentially at high risk of HIV infection. This compliance was constructed through various biopower techniques with the support of the state's repressive power, as the Chinese state censored almost all public representations of gay men except the HIV/AIDS subject MSM. On the other hand, some of my interviewees were resistant to be part of the MSM classification. I showed how this failure is an unintended consequence of the hegemonic MSM discourse and the authoritarian regime's institutional exclusion of the gay men's community's engagement in the expertise network that develops intervention materials and strategies. At last, I proposed to move beyond the debate around the name and representational character of the MSM by moving toward a more reflexive public health.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING, MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-656
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short History ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
The One ◽  
And Child Health

"IF THE Government can have a department to look out after the Nation's farm crops, why can't it have a bureau to look after the Nation's child crop?" It was 1903 and Miss Lillian Wald, founder of New York's Henry Street Settlement, was writing to Mrs. Florence Kelley of the National Consumer's League. This was the beginning of the 9-year effort, in Congress and throughout the country, which led to the foundation of the Children's Bureau in 1912. Devotion, preseverance and steadfastness of purpose have marked the Bureau's leadership since its establishment, and Dr. Martha May Eliot, recently resigned Chief, has been an outstanding example of the fearless fighter for better care of children. Her resignation, to become Professor of Maternal and Child Health at Harvard University's School of Public Health, put to a close a period of 31 years in the Bureau, years full of striking progress and accomplishments. Martha Eliot's career and the history of the Children's Bureau are closely interwoven; to understand the one it is important to know the other. A happy coincidence is the recent appearance of a short history of the Children's Bureau providing an interesting and factual chronicle, beginning with the first efforts at the turn of the century to establish an agency for children.

Cooperation, Conflict, and Reaction

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cumbler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New England ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Stream Pollution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

When James Olcott spoke before Connecticut farmers for “anti-stream pollution,” he urged the public to mobilize to stop water pollution by “ignorant or reckless capitalists.” In identifying the “ignorant and reckless capitalists,” Olcott focused the attention of the farmers on industrial waste and the role of manufacturers in their search for profits in causing pollution. Although manufacturers and the courts argued that industrialization brought wealth and prosperity to New England and hence was a general good, Olcott challenged this idea. He saw the issue as a conflict between industrialization and its costs on the one hand and the public good on the other. Concern over industrial pollution and the potential conflict between it and public health had already arisen in Massachusetts. Although the Massachusetts State Board of Health realized that the interests of the “capitalists” and those of the public health officials might be in conflict, in 1872 it hoped that with improved knowledge, “a way will be eventually found to joining them into harmonious relations,” much as Lyman believed science and technology would resolve the conflict between fishers and mill owners. The board's interest in “harmonious relations” also reflected a realization that at least for the last several years, the courts had seen pollution as an inevitable consequence of civilization and had been favorable toward industrialists, especially if no obvious alternative to dumping pollution existed. In 1866, William Merrifield sued Nathan Lombard because Lombard had dumped “Vitriol and other noxious substances” into the stream above Merrifield's factory, “corrupting” the water so badly that it destroyed his boiler. Chief Justice Bigelow ruled that Lombard had invaded Merrifield's rights. “Each riparian owner,” the judge wrote, “has the right to use the water for any reasonable and proper purpose. . . . An injury to the purity or quality of the water to the detriment of the other riparian owners, constitutes in legal effect, a wrong.” In 1872, Merrifield again went to court, claiming the City of Worcester regularly dumped sewage into Mill Brook, by which the waters became greatly corrupted and unfit to use.”

Between Neutrality and Perfectionism

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Cohen-Almagor
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Conception Of The Good

It has been argued that the difference between liberal states and theocratic, communist or fascist states is not that the liberal states promote different ideals of the good, but that they promote none. Unlike illiberal states, which regard it as a primary function of the state to prescribe the moral character of society, liberal states shun such attempts and allow freedom to citizens to develop their own conceptions.The aim of this paper is to analyze the notions of “conception of the good” and “neutrality” and to suggest a perspective which provides a middle ground between strict perfectionism, on the one hand, and complete neutrality, on the other. This perspective would allow plurality and diversity without resorting to absolute neutrality. It would involve some form of perfectionism without resorting to coercion. I will assert that liberal states do resort to some forms of perfectionism in conducting their policies. I will further argue that the policy they should adhere to is one of impartiality rather than one of neutrality.

Especially for you

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cribb
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Health Policy Reform ◽  
Life Circumstances ◽  
The One

This chapter discusses one of the most important ideas shaping health-policy reform and debate: personalisation. It should be said that there is nothing new about individualising or tailoring healthcare. Clinical healthcare, unlike some aspects of population or public health, is always already ‘targeted’ healthcare. However, both technological and cultural changes mean that possibilities and expectations of the degree of ‘tailoring’—to people's bodies, on the one hand, or to people's values and/or life circumstances, on the other—have substantially expanded and intensified. Depending upon how it is interpreted, personalisation can be presented as contributing to both medicalising and de-medicalising currents of healthcare change. It can be used to refer to closer attention and responsiveness to individual biology. It can also be used to refer to closer attention and responsiveness to individual biography. The chapter then presents a very rough distinction between ‘personalised medicine’ and ‘personalised care’.

"Si quid sunt manes ..." - Aspekter af gammelromersk dødekult

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Toftager
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The One

On the basis of archeological and literary material from the centuries around the beginning of the Christian era, the article delineates popular religious beliefs about death. The understanding of death is reflected in the ritual burial practice and in the equipment of the grave and its significance. The grave is understood as a sacred place, dedicated to the divine “manes” of the deceased. Family graves are used, graves that function, on the one hand, as the abode of the deceased who lives according to the laws of the hereafter, and, on the other, as a place of commemoration for the bereaved who come at fixed intervals to sacrifice. Further, the grave and the tombstone with the portrait of the deceased is seen as a symbolic substitute for the deceased thus causing the grave to signify that death has usurped the community of the living and at the same time that the deceased in his grave is part of another, transcendant community consisting of the living and the dead. The dual nature of the portrait on the tombstone reflects the dual nature of the cult of death: protective measures mirroring a deep-rooted anxiety alternate with expressions of veneration, thus marking that the deceased is radically different and at the same time familiar. This duality also characterizes some present-day Italian burial practices, as outlined in the closing paragraph.

Alkohol ist ein gefährliches Produkt

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (25) ◽  
pp. 1933-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich John
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Alcohol ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
High Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
The One

AbstractAlcohol is a hazardous product. Its consumption depends on the society’s drinking norms. These are set by advertising industries on the one hand, and forces of public health and medical services on the other hand. Germany is one of the countries with high alcohol consumption. According to epidemiological evidence, alcohol-attributable diseases include more than 200 diagnostic entities. Medical practitioners may help to reduce alcohol consumption. Data revealed that brief intervention, including computer-generated feedback in medical practice, is efficient in reducing consumption. It relieves the physician of counseling responsibilities.

scholarly journals The Era of Biomedicine: Science, Medicine, and Public Health in Britain and France after the Second World War

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Quirke ◽  
Jean-Paul Gaudillière
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Great Transformation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

The relationship between medicine and the study of life is as old as medicine itself. Nevertheless, historians have highlighted the great transformation that took place in the nineteenth century when first physiology and then bacteriology became important resources for the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. In that period, significant links developed between the sites specializing in biological experimentation (i.e. laboratories) on the one hand, and the places of healing (i.e. hospitals, dispensaries) and public health offices on the other. Together, they helped to fashion modern, professional medicine. However, many historical studies have also argued that this mobilization of biological knowledge exerted a limited impact on medical practice in general, and clinical practice in particular.

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