scholarly journals Effects of an increase in intensity during tapering on 1500-m running performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 783-790
Author(s):  
Kate L. Spilsbury ◽  
Myra A. Nimmo ◽  
Barry W. Fudge ◽  
Jamie S.M. Pringle ◽  
Mark W. Orme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Regular Training

We examined the effect of completing the final interval training session during a taper at either (i) race pace (RP) or (ii) faster than RP on 1500-m running performance and neuromuscular performance. Ten trained runners (age, 21.7 ± 3.0 years; height, 182.9 ± 7.0 cm; body mass, 73.4 ± 6.8 kg; and personal best 1500-m time, 4:17.5 ± 0:26.9 min) completed 2 conditions consisting of 7 days of regular training and a 7-day taper, separated by 3 weeks of training. In 1 condition, the taper was prescribed using prediction models based on the practices of elite British middle-distance runners, with the intensity of the final interval session being equal to 1500-m RP. The taper was repeated in the high-intensity (HI) condition, with the exception that the final interval session was completed at 115% of 1500-m RP. A 1500-m treadmill time trial and measures of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were completed before and after regular training and tapering. Performance was most likely improved after RP (mean ± 90% confidence limits, 10.1 ± 1.6 s), and possibly beneficial after HI (4.2 ± 12.0 s). Both MVC force (p = 0.002) and RFD (p = 0.02) were improved after tapering, without differences between conditions. An RP taper based on the practices of elite middle-distance runners is recommended to improve performance in young, subelite runners. The effect of this strategy with an increase in interval intensity is highly variable and should be implemented with caution.

scholarly journals Comparison of Critical Speed and D′ Derived From 2 or 3 Maximal Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-688
Author(s):  
Mehdi Kordi ◽  
Campbell Menzies ◽  
Andy Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Hyperbolic Distance ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Point Model ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Model Method ◽  
Fixed Distance ◽  
Time Relationship

Purpose: The hyperbolic distance–time relationship can be used to profile running performance and establish critical speed (CS) and D′ (the curvature constant of the speed–time relationship). Typically, to establish these parameters, multiple (3+) performance trials are required, which can be highly fatiguing and limit the usability of such protocols in a single training session. This study aimed to compare CS and D′ calculated from a 2-trial (2-point model) and a 3-trial (3-point model) method. Methods: A total of 14 male distance runners completed 3 fixed-distance (3600, 2400, and 1200 m) time trials on a 400-m outdoor running track, separated by 30-min recoveries. Participants completed the protocol 9 times across a 12-mo period, with approximately 42 d between tests. CS and D′ were calculated using all 3 distances (3-point model) and also using the 3600- and 1200-m distances only (2-point model). Results: Mean (SD) CS for both 3-point and 2-point models was 4.94 (0.32) m·s−1, whereas the values for D′ were 123.3 (57.70) and 127.4 (57.34) m for the 3-point and 2-point models, respectively. Overall bias for both CS and D′ between 3-point and 2-point model was classed as trivial. Conclusion: A 2-point time-trial model can be used to calculate CS and D′ as proficiently as a 3-point model, making it a less fatiguing, inexpensive, and applicable method for coaches, practitioners, and athletes for monitoring running performance in 1 training session.

scholarly journals Lower volume throughout the taper and higher intensity in the last interval session prior to a 1,500 m time trial improves performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Spilsbury ◽  
Barry W Fudge ◽  
Myra A Nimmo ◽  
Steve H. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Regular Training ◽  
Continuous Running

Eight highly-trained middle-distance runners (1,500 m personal best 4:01.4 ± 0:09.2 min) completed two 7-day tapers, separated by at least 3 weeks of regular training: (i) prescribed using prediction models from elite middle-distance runners, where continuous running volume was reduced by 30% and interval intensity was equal to 1,500 m race pace (RP); and (ii) continuous running volume was reduced by 60% and intensity of the final interval session was completed at 110% of 1,500 m race pace (HI). Performance was assessed using 1,500 m time trials on an indoor 200 m track one day before, and one day after each taper. Performance time was improved after HI by 5.2 ± 3.7 s (mean ± 90% confidence limits, p = 0.03) and by 3.2 ± 3.8 s after RP (p = 0.15). The first and second 300-m segments of the 1,500 m time trial were faster post-taper in RP (p = 0.012 and p = 0.017, respectively) and HI (both p = 0.012). Running faster than race pace late in a low-volume taper is recommended to improve 1,500 m track performance. A positive pacing strategy is adopted after tapering, although care should be taken to avoid an over-fast start. Novel Findings • A large reduction in volume during tapering and an increase in final interval session intensity improves running performance • Athletes adopt a negative pacing strategy before tapering and a positive-pacing strategy after tapering

scholarly journals Interval Training with Active Recovery and the Physical Capacity of Recreational Male Runners

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Michalik ◽  
Szymon Glinka ◽  
Natalia Danek ◽  
Marek Zatoń
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Physical Capacity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Long Distance

Abstract Introduction. So far there have been few studies on the effect of interval training with active recovery aimed at increasing aerobic power on the physical capacity of long-distance runners. Unlike standard interval training, this particular type of interval training does not include passive rest periods but combines high-intensity training with low-intensity recovery periods. The aims of the study were to determine the effect of aerobic power training implemented in the form of interval training with active recovery on the physical capacity of amateur long-distance runners as well as to compare their results against those of a group of runners who trained in a traditional manner and only performed continuous training. Material and methods. The study involved 12 recreational male long-distance runners, who were randomly divided into two groups, consisting of 6 persons each. Control group C performed continuous training 3 times a week (for 90 minutes, with approximately 65-85% VO2max). Experimental group E participated in one training session similar to the one implemented in group C and additionally performed interval training with active recovery twice a week. The interval training included a 20-minute warm-up and repeated running sprints of maximum intensity lasting 3 minutes (800-1,000 m). Between sprints, there was a 12-minute bout of running with an intensity of approximately 60-70% VO2max. The time of each repetition was measured, and the first one was treated as a benchmark in a given training unit. If the duration of a subsequent repetition was 5% shorter than that of the initial repetition, the subjects underwent a 15-minute cool-down period. A progressive treadmill test was carried out before and after the 7-week training period. The results were analysed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results. VO2max increased significantly both in group E (p < 0.05; d = 0.86) and C (p < 0.05; d = 0.71), and there was an improvement in effort economy at submaximal intensity. Although the differences were not significant, a much greater change in the post-exercise concentrations of lactate and H+ ions was found in group E. Conclusions. The study showed that interval training with active recovery increased VO2max in amateur runners with higher initial physical capacity and stimulated adaptation to metabolic acidosis more than continuous training.

scholarly journals Response to Three Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Cannot Be Explained by the Exertional Level

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Raulas Krusnauskas ◽  
Nerijus Eimantas ◽  
Neringa Baranauskiene ◽  
Tomas Venckunas ◽  
Audrius Snieckus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Low Responders ◽  
Before And After

Background and Objectives: The all-out mode of sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to be an efficient method for improving sports performance, exercise capacity, and aerobic fitness. Although the benefits of SIT are well described, the mechanisms underlying the different degrees of response remain largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the effects of exertion on the responsiveness to SIT. Materials and Methods: The participants were 28 young untrained men (mean ± SD age 25.7 ± 6.03 years) who exhibited either a large or small increase in Wingate test average power in response to nine SIT sessions performed over three weeks. Each training session comprised four–six bouts of 30 s all-out cycling interspaced with 4 min of rest. Individual responses were assessed using heart rate (HR) during exercise for all nine sessions, as well as blood lactate concentration up to 1 h, and the decrement in maximal voluntary knee extension torque (MVC) up to 24 h after the first and last training sessions. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximum HR were measured before and after training during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Results: Although all participants showed benefits of SIT such as increased VO2peak, the increase in anaerobic cycling power varied between participants. We identified 17 high responders and nine low responders, whose average power outputs were 0.80 ± 0.22 and 0.22 ± 0.19 W/kg, respectively. The HR achieved during any of the training sessions did not differ between high and low responders. The lactate kinetics did not differ between groups before and after the intervention. Training resulted in a more rapid recovery of MVC without any discernible differences between the high and low responders. Conclusion: The differences in the responses to SIT are not dependent on the exertion level during training.

scholarly journals Effect of tapering after a period of high-volume sprint interval training on running performance and muscular adaptations in moderately trained runners

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Skovgaard ◽  
Nicki Winfield Almquist ◽  
Thue Kvorning ◽  
Peter Møller Christensen ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trained Runners

The effect of tapering following a period of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT) and a basic volume of aerobic training on performance and muscle adaptations in moderately trained runners was examined. Eleven (8 men, 3 women) runners [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 56.8 ± 2.9 ml·min−1·kg−1; mean ± SD] conducted high-volume SIT (HV; 20 SIT sessions; 8–12 × 30 s all-out) for 40 days followed by 18 days of tapering (TAP; 4 SIT sessions; 4 × 30 s all-out). Before and after HV as well as midway through and at the end of TAP, the subjects completed a 10-km running test and a repeated running test at 90% of vV̇o2max to exhaustion (RRT). In addition, a biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle was obtained at rest. Performance during RRT was better ( P < 0.01) at the end of TAP than before HV (6.8 ± 0.5 vs. 5.6 ± 0.5 min; means ± SE), and 10-km performance was 2.7% better ( P < 0.05) midway through (40.7 ± 0.7 min) and at the end of (40.7 ± 0.6 min) TAP than after HV (41.8 ± 0.9 min). The expression of muscle Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA)α1, NKAβ1, phospholemman (FXYD1), and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA1) increased ( P < 0.05) during HV and remained higher during TAP. In addition, oxygen uptake at 60% of vV̇o2max was lower ( P < 0.05) at the end of TAP than before and after HV. Thus short-duration exercise capacity and running economy were better than before the HV period together with higher expression of muscle proteins related to Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake, while 10-km performance was not significantly improved by the combination of HV and tapering. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-duration performance became better after 18 days of tapering from ~6 wk of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT), whereas 10-km performance was not significantly affected by the combination of high-volume SIT and tapering. Higher expression of muscle NKAα1, NKAβ1, FXYD1, and SERCA1 may reflect faster Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake that could explain the better short-duration performance. These results suggest that the type of competition should determine the duration of tapering to optimize performance.

scholarly journals Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten A. Burgomaster ◽  
George J. F. Heigenhauser ◽  
Martin J. Gibala
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Pyruvate Oxidation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Before And After

Our laboratory recently showed that six sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) over 2 wk increased muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity (Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJF, Bradwell SN, and Gibala MJ. J Appl Physiol 98: 1895–1900, 2005). The present study tested the hypothesis that short-term SIT would reduce skeletal muscle glycogenolysis and lactate accumulation during exercise and increase the capacity for pyruvate oxidation via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eight men [peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2 peak) = 3.8 ± 0.2 l/min] performed six sessions of SIT (4–7 × 30-s “all-out” cycling with 4 min of recovery) over 2 wk. Before and after SIT, biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained at rest and after each stage of a two-stage cycling test that consisted of 10 min at ∼60% followed by 10 min at ∼90% of V̇o2 peak. Subjects also performed a 250-kJ time trial (TT) before and after SIT to assess changes in cycling performance. SIT increased muscle glycogen content by ∼50% (main effect, P = 0.04) and the maximal activity of citrate synthase (posttraining: 7.8 ± 0.4 vs. pretraining: 7.0 ± 0.4 mol·kg protein −1·h−1; P = 0.04), but the maximal activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was unchanged (posttraining: 5.1 ± 0.7 vs. pretraining: 4.9 ± 0.6 mol·kg protein −1·h−1; P = 0.76). The active form of PDH was higher after training (main effect, P = 0.04), and net muscle glycogenolysis (posttraining: 100 ± 16 vs. pretraining: 139 ± 11 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.03) and lactate accumulation (posttraining: 55 ± 2 vs. pretraining: 63 ± 1 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.03) during exercise were reduced. TT performance improved by 9.6% after training (posttraining: 15.5 ± 0.5 vs. pretraining: 17.2 ± 1.0 min; P = 0.006), and a control group ( n = 8, V̇o2 peak = 3.9 ± 0.2 l/min) showed no change in performance when tested 2 wk apart without SIT (posttraining: 18.8 ± 1.2 vs. pretraining: 18.9 ± 1.2 min; P = 0.74). We conclude that short-term SIT improved cycling TT performance and resulted in a closer matching of glycogenolytic flux and pyruvate oxidation during submaximal exercise.

Defining the “dose” of altitude training: how high to live for optimal sea level performance enhancement

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Trine Karlsen ◽  
Geir K. Resaland ◽  
R.-L. Ge ◽  
Matthew P. Harber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Level Performance

Chronic living at altitudes of ∼2,500 m causes consistent hematological acclimatization in most, but not all, groups of athletes; however, responses of erythropoietin (EPO) and red cell mass to a given altitude show substantial individual variability. We hypothesized that athletes living at higher altitudes would experience greater improvements in sea level performance, secondary to greater hematological acclimatization, compared with athletes living at lower altitudes. After 4 wk of group sea level training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800 m). All athletes trained together daily at a common altitude from 1,250–3,000 m following a modified live high-train low model. Subjects completed hematological, metabolic, and performance measures at sea level, before and after altitude training; EPO was assessed at various time points while at altitude. On return from altitude, 3,000-m time trial performance was significantly improved in groups living at the middle two altitudes (2,085 and 2,454 m), but not in groups living at 1,780 and 2,800 m. EPO was significantly higher in all groups at 24 and 48 h, but returned to sea level baseline after 72 h in the 1,780-m group. Erythrocyte volume was significantly higher within all groups after return from altitude and was not different between groups. These data suggest that, when completing a 4-wk altitude camp following the live high-train low model, there is a target altitude between 2,000 and 2,500 m that produces an optimal acclimatization response for sea level performance.

Modified sprint interval training protocols: physiological and psychological responses to 4 weeks of training

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg L. McKie ◽  
Hashim Islam ◽  
Logan K. Townsend ◽  
Jennifer Robertson-Wilson ◽  
Mark Eys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Sprint interval training (SIT) protocols involving brief (≤15 s) work bouts improve aerobic and anaerobic performance, highlighting peak speed generation as a potentially important adaptive stimulus. To determine the physiological and psychological effects of reducing the SIT work bout duration, while maintaining total exercise and recovery time, 43 healthy males (n = 27) and females (n = 16) trained for 4 weeks (3 times/week) using one of the following running SIT protocols: (i) 30:240 (n = 11; 4–6 × 30-s bouts, 4 min rest); (ii) 15:120 (n = 11; 8–12 × 15-s bouts, 2 min rest); (iii) 5:40 (n = 12; 24–36 × 5-s bouts, 40 s rest); or (iv) served as a nonexercising control (n = 9). Protocols were matched for total work (2–3 min) and rest (16–24 min) durations, as well as the work-to-rest ratio (1:8 s). Pre- and post-training measures included a graded maximal oxygen consumption test, a 5-km time trial, and a 30-s maximal sprint test. Self-efficacy, enjoyment, and intentions were assessed following the last training session. Training improved maximal oxygen consumption (5.5%; P = 0.006) and time-trial performance (5.2%; P = 0.039), with a main effect of time for peak speed (1.7%; P = 0.042), time to peak speed (25%; P < 0.001), and body fat percentage (1.4%; P < 0.001) that appeared to be driven by the training. There were no group effects for self-efficacy (P = 0.926), enjoyment (P = 0.249), or intentions to perform SIT 3 (P = 0.533) or 5 (P = 0.951) times/week. This study effectively demonstrated that the repeated generation of peak speed during brief SIT work bouts sufficiently stimulates adaptive mechanisms promoting increases in aerobic and anaerobic capacity.

scholarly journals Drafting’s Improvement of 3000-m Running Performance in Elite Athletes: Is It a Placebo Effect?

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassane Zouhal ◽  
Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman ◽  
Jacques Prioux ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Lotfi Bouguerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Trained Runners

Purpose:To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running.Methods:Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gasexchange system (K4B2). The 2nd and the 3rd tests consisted of nondrafting 3000-m running (3000-mND) and 3000-m running with drafting for the 1st 2000 m (3000-mD) performed on the track in a randomized counterbalanced order.Results:Performance during the 3000-mND (553.59 ± 22.15 s) was significantly slower (P < .05) than during the 3000-mD (544.74 ± 18.72 s). Cardiorespiratory responses were not significantly different between the trials. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < .05) after the 3000-mND (16.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L) than after the 3000-mD (13.2 ± 5.6 mmol/L). Athletes perceived the 3000-mND as more strenuous than the 3000-mD (P < .05) (RPE = 16.1 ± 0.8 vs 13.1 ± 1.3). Results demonstrate that drafting has a significant effect on performance in highly trained runners.Conclusion:This effect could not be explained by a reduced energy expenditure or cardiorespiratory effort as a result of drafting. This raises the possibility that drafting may aid running performance by both physiological and nonphysiological (ie, psychological) effects.

scholarly journals Influence of Sex and Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on 2 KM Running Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Arturo Casado ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Sandro Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Stephen J. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Improved Performance

Purpose: To assess the effect of acute nitrate-rich (BJ) and nitrate-depleted (PL) beetroot juice ingestion on 2 km running performance in amateur runners, and to what extent the ergogenic effect of BJ supplementation would be influenced by the sex of the participants; Methods: Twenty-four amateur long-distance runners (14 males and 10 females) performed a 2 km time trial (TT) on an outdoor athletics track 2.5 h after ingesting either 140 mL of BJ (~12.8 mmol NO3−) or PL. After the tests, blood [lactate] and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) related to the leg muscles (RPEmuscular), cardiovascular system (RPEcardio) and general overall RPE (RPEgeneral) were assessed; Results: Compared to PL, BJ supplementation improved 2 km TT performance in both males (p < 0.05) with no supplement × sex interaction effect (p > 0.05). This improvement in 2 km running performance was a function of improved performance in the second 1 km split time in both males and females (p < 0.05). Supplementation with BJ did not alter post-exercise blood [lactate] (p > 0.05) but lowered RPEgeneral (p < 0.05); Conclusions: acute BJ supplementation improves 2 km running performance in amateur runners by enhancing performance over the second half of the TT and lowering RPEgeneral by a comparable magnitude in males and females.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document