PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES IN SEEDLINGS OF NORTHERN TREE SPECIES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Vaartaja
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Seedlings of 10 tree species were tested under two widely different photo periodic conditions in environment otherwise near optimum. The amount of light given to the plants was the same under both conditions. Under the conditions simulating long photoperiods, the seedlings of all the species grew well and continued their growth during the 8-month experimental period. Under the short photoperiod, the following species remained nearly or fully dormant for several months beginning soon after germination: Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Ulmus americana L., and two provenances of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; the following species either remained nearly dormant or grew significantly slower than under the long day conditions: Betula lutea Michx. f., B. verrucosa Ehr., and Pinus banksiana Lamb.; P. resinosa Ait. was considered sensitive to photoperiods but its responses in appearance and growth were small; Caragana arborescens Lam., Thuja plicata Donn, and Acer negundo L. showed no significant response.

Mefluidide-induced drought resistance in seedlings of three conifer species

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092
Author(s):  
Salim N. Silim ◽  
Robert D. Guy ◽  
Denis P. Lavender
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Short-term effects of the plant growth retardant mefluidide on drought resistance were investigated in seedlings of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn), yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis D. Don), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Mefluidide was applied as a root drench at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.4 mg∙L−1. Following this, seedlings were stressed by withholding water for a period of up to 7 days and then watering regularly thereafter. Stomatal conductance of the mefluidide-treated seedlings decreased significantly and remained lower than the control seedlings throughout the stress period. As a result of the decreased conductance, shoot water potentials in mefluidide-treated seedlings remained higher throughout the stress period. There was a decrease in net photosynthesis that was partially caused by stomatal limitations, the severity of which depended upon the concentration of mefluidide applied. Mefluidide treatment also resulted in an accumulation of abscisic acid in all three species, and this may have been responsible for the effects on stomatal conductance and water relations. In contrast, the mefluidide-treated seedlings had the highest rates of photosynthesis after rewatering, resulting primarily from a promotion of stomatal opening. Key words: stomatal conductance, water potential, photosynthesis, plant growth inhibitors, abscisic acid, cold hardiness.

Coniferin, a biochemical indicator of commitment to tracheid differentiation in conifers

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2663-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Arthur Savidge
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Tracheid Differentiation

Endogenous E-coniferin was characterized chemically and found to accumulate in cambia of Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, Pinus strobus, and Larix laricina at the time of resumption of springtime cell-division activity and well before the initiation of lignification in differentiating tracheids. Coniferin content, quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, was highest on the centripetal side of the cambium, in developing xylem, at time of radial expansion of cambial derivatives. Stem ringing resulted in coniferin accumulation above the ring and disappearance below the ring. Coniferin was absent from leaves and dormant cambia. Exogenous coniferin was metabolized rapidly by in vitro cultures of P. strobus cambium grown on a defined medium containing the auxins 1-naphthalene acetic acid and indol-3-yl acetic acid and the cytokinin benzylaminopurine. The evidence suggests coniferin content of the cambium will be of practical value for determining commitment to and competence for wood formation in conifers.

Distribution and dynamics of tree species across a fire frequency gradient in the James Bay region of Quebec

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André Parisien ◽  
Luc Sirois
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Fire Cycle

This study examines how forest structure and composition change with spatial variations in the fire cycle across a shore-hinterland gradient. Twenty-one well-drained sites were sampled at different distances from James Bay to describe the forest stands. To quantify the role of fire in tree species distribution, a spatial analysis of fire polygons from 1930 to 1998 was undertaken in a 43 228 km2 study area adjacent to James Bay. Results from this analysis reveal an important decrease in the fire cycle, from 3142 to 115 years, from the shore to the hinterland. In forests bordering James Bay, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is found in pure stands. It is gradually replaced by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) at 0.5 km from the shore. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) abruptly appears at 22 km from the shore. There is a positive correlation between the frequency of white spruce and the fire cycle (R = 0.893), whereas this correlation is negative for black spruce (R = –0.753) and jack pine (R = –0.807) (Spearman correlations). Jack pine is confined to regions having a short fire cycle, while black spruce can seemingly maintain itself with or without fire. The exclusion of white spruce hinterland seems to be mainly due to a short fire cycle; however, other factors, such as soil development and species abundance, presumably have a marked influence on the distribution of this species.

Tree recruitment from burn edges

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1264-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
D F Greene ◽  
E A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Tree Recruitment ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Large Fires

We developed and tested a wind-dispersal model of tree recruitment into burns from living sources at the fire edge or from small unburned residual stands. The model was also tested on recruitment of serotinous Pinus banksiana Lamb. within a burn. The model assumed that source strength is proportional to basal area density and that an individual (point source) recruitment curve can be expressed as a lognormal distribution. The model made significant predictions of the recruitment curves of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) to distances as great as 2.0 km, although it tended to underpredict Abies and overpredict Picea. The model gave significant prediction of recruitment for jack pine (Pinus banksiana) within burns with seeds derived from aerial seed banks, and of white spruce and tamarck (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) up to 100 m from residual stands. By forestry standards, burns are poorly stocked by those species that must obligately recruit from edges. In large fires, adequate stocking by a species such as white spruce that had 5 m2/ha of basal area would be limited to about 70 m from the edge. Small residual stands are expected to supply about half of all the recruits of white spruce or fir at distances exceeding about 800 m from a nominal burn edge.

RESPONSE OF WEEDS AND SEVERAL SHELTERBELT TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES TO GRANULAR SIMAZINE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
R. GROVER ◽  
G. A. MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Prunus Virginiana ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Malus Baccata ◽  
Salix Pentandra ◽  
Annual Weeds

Granular simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), at 3.36, 6.72, and 10.08 kg/ha, was applied to new transplants of Caragana arborescens Lam., Cotoneaster acutifolia Turcz., Crataegus sp., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl.) Fern., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Lonicera tatarica L., Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea pungens Engelm., Pinus sylvestris L., Populus deltoides Marsh., Populus × Northwest (Hort.), Prunus padus L. var. commutata Dipp., Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg., Rosa rugosa Thunb. cult Hansa, Salix acutifolia Willd., Salix pentandra L., Shepherdia argentea Nutt., Sorbus americana Marsh., Syringa villosa Vahl., Ulmus americana L., and Ulmus pumila L. Simazine at 6.72 kg/ha gave 68% control of annual weeds and this was sufficient for the adequate growth of most of the tree and shrub species in this test. None of the species showed visible injury symptoms at any of the simazine rates tested, but the growth of some was reduced at the high simazine rate.

Acid-buffering capacity of foliage from boreal forest species

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2650-2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pylypec ◽  
R. E. Redmann
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Labrador Tea

Buffering capacity to acidity was defined as the microequivalents of H+ required to produce a 5 μeqiv. change of H+ concentration in a homogenate prepared from leaf tissue. The results for six species collected from the southern boreal forest of Saskatchewan, Canada, showed that trembling aspen (Populus trenudoides Michx.) and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum Oeder.), had the highest buffering capacities (379 and 189 μeuiv. H+ ∙ g−1, respectively), while jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) had the lowest (33 μequiv. H+ ∙ g−1). Tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) had intermediate values. Buffering capacity and pH of homogenates for all species showed seasonal fluctuations, with the lowest values occurring in the middle of the growing season. The results suggest that foliage of evergreen conifers, particularly jack pine, is less well buffered against acidic pollution than that of broad-leaved species such as trembling aspen.

A Note on the Association of Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)) with Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata (Linn.)) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 538-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Fall Cankerworm

The fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.), both feed to a great extent on the same tree species and prefer apple, Malus spp., red oak, Quercus rubra L., basswood, Tilia spp., white elm, Ulmus americana L., and Norway maple, Acer platanoides L. They also have similar life-histories and habits (Smith 1950 and 1953). Both lay their eggs on the trees in the fall and overwinter in this stage. The eggs hatch about the same time and the larvae of (both species mature about the third week in June. They drop to the ground and form cocoons at a depth of about an inch. The adults emerge about the same time, commencing usually during the last week in October and continuing until early December or until the ground freezes.

Lignans of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn). VI. Dihydroxythujaplicatin methyl ether

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold MacLean ◽  
Koji Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Data ◽  
Resonance Data ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Proof of structure is presented for another lignan of the thujaplicatin series, 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(4″-hydroxy-3″,5″-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-butyrolactone (I) (dihydroxythujaplicatin methyl ether). Analytical and spectral (ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance) data on derivatives and degradation products, in addition to the parent compound, are presented.

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and lodgepole pine needles during dehardening

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Late Winter

Conifer winter damage results primarily from loss of cold hardiness during unseasonably warm days in late winter and early spring, and such damage may increase in frequency and severity under a warming climate. In this study, the dehardening dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined in relation to thermal accumulation during artificial dehardening in winter (December) and spring (March) using relative electrolyte leakage and visual assessment of pine needles and spruce shoots. Results indicated that all four species dehardened at a similar rate and to a similar extent, despite considerably different thermal accumulation requirements. Spring dehardening was comparatively faster, with black spruce slightly hardier than the other conifers at the late stage of spring dehardening. The difference, however, was relatively small and did not afford black spruce significant protection during seedling freezing tests prior to budbreak in late March and early May. The dehardening curves and models developed in this study may serve as a tool to predict cold hardiness by temperature and to understand the potential risks of conifer cold injury during warming–freezing events prior to budbreak.

scholarly journals Assessing the Translucence and Color-Change Methods for Estimating Sapwood Depth in Three Boreal Species

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 686 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Quiñonez-Piñón ◽  
Caterina Valeo
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
The Face ◽  
Species Specific

The translucence and color change in wood methods, which are commonly used to differentiate sapwood from heartwood in tree cores, are compared against the microscopic analysis of wood anatomy method for determining sapwood depth. The translucence method was tested on collected wood cores of White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). The color change in wood method was tested on Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). For every statistical comparison, sapwood depth values obtained with the translucence or color-change methods were significantly different from those obtained using the microscopic analysis. Using the sapwood depth values obtained with microscopy as a reference, the bias associated with the translucence or color-change methods used on Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana and Populus tremuloides constantly under- or overestimated sapwood depths within −0.3 cm to 1.6 cm; −4.9 cm to 0.5 cm; and 0 to 1.8 cm, respectively. The different ranges of over- and underestimation arise from species-specific anatomical characteristics. Estimates for the errors in sapwood depth, when the depth is measured using either the translucence or color-change methods, are presented. These relationships and research outcomes will lead to more efficient forest monitoring and improved estimates of forest water balance, which in turn will lead to improved forest management in the face of climate change.

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