RESPONSE OF WEEDS AND SEVERAL SHELTERBELT TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES TO GRANULAR SIMAZINE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
R. GROVER ◽  
G. A. MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Prunus Virginiana ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Malus Baccata ◽  
Salix Pentandra ◽  
Annual Weeds

Granular simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), at 3.36, 6.72, and 10.08 kg/ha, was applied to new transplants of Caragana arborescens Lam., Cotoneaster acutifolia Turcz., Crataegus sp., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl.) Fern., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Lonicera tatarica L., Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea pungens Engelm., Pinus sylvestris L., Populus deltoides Marsh., Populus × Northwest (Hort.), Prunus padus L. var. commutata Dipp., Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg., Rosa rugosa Thunb. cult Hansa, Salix acutifolia Willd., Salix pentandra L., Shepherdia argentea Nutt., Sorbus americana Marsh., Syringa villosa Vahl., Ulmus americana L., and Ulmus pumila L. Simazine at 6.72 kg/ha gave 68% control of annual weeds and this was sufficient for the adequate growth of most of the tree and shrub species in this test. None of the species showed visible injury symptoms at any of the simazine rates tested, but the growth of some was reduced at the high simazine rate.

scholarly journals SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF SHELTERBELT TREES AT THREE SPACINGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
W. H. Cram ◽  
G. A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Survival And Growth

Seedlings of Caragana arborescens Lam., Acer Negundo L., Ulmus americana L., Populus deltoides Bartr. and Fraxinus p. lanceolata Sarg. were planted in 3-row shelterbelts at spacings of 4, 8, and 16 feet at the Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Data for stand and height are presented after 17 years of growth. Survival of caragana, maple, and ash were not materially influenced by Spacing, but that of elm increased from 91 to 100% and of cottonwood from 0 to 25%, as spacings increased from 4 to 16 feet. Caragana was outstanding with 100% survival at all spacings. Maximum height of caragana and ash (15 and 19 feet, respectively) was obtained at the 8-foot spacings; while that of maple and elm (23 and 26 feet) was obtained at the 16-foot spacing.

PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES IN SEEDLINGS OF NORTHERN TREE SPECIES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Vaartaja
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Seedlings of 10 tree species were tested under two widely different photo periodic conditions in environment otherwise near optimum. The amount of light given to the plants was the same under both conditions. Under the conditions simulating long photoperiods, the seedlings of all the species grew well and continued their growth during the 8-month experimental period. Under the short photoperiod, the following species remained nearly or fully dormant for several months beginning soon after germination: Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Ulmus americana L., and two provenances of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; the following species either remained nearly dormant or grew significantly slower than under the long day conditions: Betula lutea Michx. f., B. verrucosa Ehr., and Pinus banksiana Lamb.; P. resinosa Ait. was considered sensitive to photoperiods but its responses in appearance and growth were small; Caragana arborescens Lam., Thuja plicata Donn, and Acer negundo L. showed no significant response.

Effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on Ulmus americana seedlings. I. Visible injury and growth

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Constantinidou ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Intermediate Amount

The effects of SO2 (2 ppm for 6 h), O3 (0.9 ppm for 5 h), and SO2–O3 mixtures (2 ppm SO2 and 0.9 ppm O3 for 5 h followed by SO2 for 1 h) were studied on injury and growth of 4-month-old, actively growing and quiescent Ulmus americana L. seedlings. In actively growing seedlings visible injury to leaves from SO2–O3 mixtures was evident within 24 h; from O3 within 36 to 48 h; and from SO2 within 48 h after fumigation ceased. Sulfur dioxide and SO2–O3 treatments reduced expansion of new leaves (< 1 cm long at time of fumigation) within 1 week, but normal rates of leaf expansion were restored by the end of the 2nd week. Ozone had no significant effect on expansion of new leaves. Expansion of young leaves (> 1 cm long at time of fumigation) was markedly inhibited by all treatments; it was inhibited most by SO2–O3, an intermediate amount by SO2, and least by O3. Numbers of emerging leaves were significantly reduced by SO2, and by SO2–O3, but only at the end of the 1st week. After 5 weeks, stem dry weights were reduced by O3 and SO2–O3, and root dry weights were reduced by SO2 and SO2–O3. In quiescent plants pollution injury to leaves was similar to that in actively growing plants. However, all fumigation treatments induced severe defoliation in quiescent plants.

Biochar effects on germination and radicle extension in temperate tree seedlings under field conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Sean C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Prunus Virginiana ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Temperate Trees ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Mesh Bags ◽  
Early Seedling Development

Pyrolyzed organic matter, or biochar, generally increases the growth of established plants; in some cases, biochar also promotes seed germination in agricultural species, but comparable effects on tree species have received little attention. Potential biochar effects on seed germination and early seedling development were examined in a field experiment involving 14 species of temperate forest trees. Replicated sets of seeds with and without biochar (at 5 t·ha–1) were placed in mesh bags beneath leaf litter near the time of autumnal leaf fall and retrieved the following spring. Pooled analyses show a positive but small average effect of biochar on germination. Effects on seedling radicle extension growth were more pronounced, with more than a doubling in growth observed overall and large increases observed in some species, including both conifers (e.g., Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. and Pinus resinosa Sol. ex Aiton) and angiosperms (Betula papyrifera Marsh., Prunus virginiana L., and Ulmus americana L.). Species varied in responses, but differences were not related to fire or shade tolerance. The results indicate that biochar can substantially enhance early seedling development in temperate trees; likely mechanisms involve “priming” effects resulting from increased pH and potassium availability or sorption of germination-inhibiting phenolics in the litter layer.

ASPEN WOOD CHIP AND STONE MULCHES FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTINGS IN INTERIOR, ALASKA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1115f-1115
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Aspen Wood ◽  
Rosa Rugosa ◽  
Available N ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Malus Baccata

Five woody ornamentals Rosa rugosa, Cotoneaster acutifolia, Malus baccata, Picea glauca and Pinus contorta var. latifolia, were grown for 4 seasons mulched with one of five treatments: 2.5 cm or 5 cm of crushed basaltic quarry stone, 5 cm or 10 cm of quaking aspen wood chips, and an unmulched control. Maximum soil temperatures at the 10 cm depth on the wood chip plots were decreased by as much as 8°C over control plots, and soil moisture was increased. Stone mulch plots showed a slight increase in both temperature and moisture. Soil minimum temperatures were lower on the wood chip plots than the other treatments early in the season, but were slightly higher in September. Soil pH and available N, P and K did not differ among mulch treatments. Weed growth was suppressed by all mulch treatments but was best controlled on the wood chip plots followed by the 5 cm stone plots. Plant growth for all species except Rosa rugosa was greatest on the stone mulch plots. Roses growing on the stone mulch plots and the control were subject to significant dieback from winter injury and did not show any difference in total growth after 4 years when compared with the wood chip plots. Plants grown on the wood chip plots exhibited varying degrees of nitrogen deficiency which may be related to reduced nutrient uptake in cooler soils or to a significant amount of rooting in the mulch-soil interface.

Population dynamics of woody plants on a river island

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Successional Species

The woody plant population on a small, frequently flooded, river island was studied. The island occurs on the Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The major species included sandbar willow (Salix interior, Rowlee), a small shrub; Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) and river birch (Betula nigra L.), both early successional species in river bottoms; and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh), and American elm (Ulmus americana L.) which are later successional species. Seedling input is sporadic and unpredictable. However, mortality rates of successfully established plants are quite low because of their ability to sprout following damage. The resultant clones may exhibit differing growth patterns. Willow extends laterally into adjacent unoccupied areas, thereby increasing its cover. It tends to be most abundant in the low, frequently flooded parts of the island and is predicted to continue to increase in abundance. Others, such as elm and silver maple, produce fewer sprouts which grow directly from the root crown and attain greater heights but do not spread into new areas. These species occur at higher elevations and are also predicted to increase in numbers. Still other species, such as green ash and Cottonwood, are so severely damaged by recurring beaver cutting that their normal growth form is greatly modified and their future uncertain.

scholarly journals Shearing and Growth of Five Intermountain Native Shrub Species

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Larry Rupp ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Jerriann Ernstsen ◽  
William Varga
Keyword(s):  
Management Tool ◽  
First Year ◽  
Intermountain West ◽  
Crown Height ◽  
Prunus Virginiana ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Chrysothamnus Nauseosus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Cornus Sericea

Abstract We investigated growth of native Intermountain West shrub species sheared yearly. Five shrub species with potential for use in naturalized landscapes and roadside reclamation, silver sage (Artemesia cana), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), red-stem dogwood (Cornus sericea), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), were planted as seedlings in summer 1989. From 1991–1993, half of the plants were sheared to within 0.15 m (0.5 ft) of the ground every spring prior to or at budbreak. Crown height and crown cross-sectional area were measured every year prior to pruning. Significant shearing effects were detected in some shrubs the first year after shearing, with crown area affected more than height. Height of three species with a multistemmed habit, C. nauseosus, A. cana, and C. sericea, was unaffected by shearing both years. Crown area of all species except C. sericea was reduced by shearing. All species were able to regrow to at least 50% of the crown area and 70% of the height of the unsheared plants, suggesting they would be able to tolerate shearing as a management tool with little to no loss of vigor.

Lateral sieve-area pores in woody dicotyledons

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1509-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Evert ◽  
B. P. Deshpande ◽  
S. E. Eichhorn
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Salix Nigra ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Sieve Plates

The secondary phloem of seven species of woody dicotyledons (Populus deltoides, Quercus alba, Rhus glabra, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix nigra, Tilia americana, and Ulmus americana) was fixed in glutaraldehyde and in formaldehyde–glutaraldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. The pores of the lateral sieve areas are essentially similar in structure to those of the sieve plates, with the exception that many of the lateral sieve-area pores contain median nodules at maturity. In addition, some pore groups in Rhus, Robinia, and Tilia are associated with median cavities, median enlargements arising through the union of two or more median nodules, similar to those associated with the sieve areas of conifers. The lateral sieve-area pores are lined by the plasmalemma and variable amounts of callose and contain P-protein. It has been concluded that the P-protein normally is loosely arranged in the pores.

Low-temperature-induced cankers and burls in test conifers and hardwoods

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 2526-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Zalasky
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Multiple Treatments

Frost cankers were induced by low-temperature treatments with freon in Pinus contoria var. latifolia, P. sylvestris, Malus sylvestris, Tilia cordata, Ulmus americana, and U. pumila. Temperatures of 0 to −30 °C were attained in the bark and 5 to −6.5 °C in the cambium. Frost burls and frost ribs were perpetuated by multiple treatments in P. contorta var. latifolia, P. sylvestris, M. sylvestris, T. cordata, Abies lasiocarpa, and Picea glauca. They were produced by modified cambium that gave rise to morphological chimeras characterized by resiniferous tissues or pitch pockets, spiral-grained and nodulated sapwood, and scabby bark. Dead bark, corky tissues, and solidified resin exfoliated from the periphery of the frost rib.The cambium was consistently killed at −6.5 °C, which was considered the lethal temperature. Changes in the surrounding freeze–thaw area of the bark often caused the 10-day-old cells of the restitution tissues to become multinucleate and the dividing nuclei to have c-mitotic end-to-end chromosomes and tripolar spindles.Burl growth ring of conifers and hardwoods develops a xylem ray underlay gradually succeeded by restitution xylem. The phloem ray overlay is unique because of its resiniferous corky tissues, which consist of inner layers of irregular parenchymatous cells and outer layers of distinctive sclereid-like cells with recurvate lobes. The rays of phloem and xylem also have resin cells and sclereid-like cells diffused throughout the body of the ray. Deformed cells show cytological changes in the cell wall, lumen, and pits. Vessels have changes in the number and position of pits and perforations. Differences and similarities between low-temperature and fungus-induced cells and tissues are noted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of green area in the squares of Ulan-Ude city

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
M. Ia. Bessmolnaia ◽  
E. G. Imescenova ◽  
V. Iu. Tatarnikova ◽  
S. V. Kisova ◽  
N. Iu. Polomoshnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Vital State ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Dominating Tree ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City

Research on green area in Ulan-Ude has not been carried out since the moment of planting in 1970. The researchers didn’t study hardy-shrub species and factors of their strengthening and weakening. The research aims at evaluation of green areas in the mini-parks of UlanUde. The authors assess green areas in all mini-parks of the city and define species composition of hardy-shrub species and their condition. The researchers found out 23 species of trees and shrubs used in landscaping of Ulan-Ude. The identified species belong to 12 families and 23 genera. The largest number of species belongs to Rosaceae-7 species, the smallest number of hardy-shrub species belong to Cornaceae, Adoxaceae, Oleaceae and Ulmaceae. The researchers observed hardy-shrub species and found out that trees predominate (56.3%) the shrubs (43.5 %). Dominating tree species in the mini-parks are the balsamifera (L.) and Ulmus pumila (L.). The bushes commonly observed are Caragana arborescens (Lam.). The vital state of tree and shrubbery plantings is generally characterized as medium-stable, damaged, ranging from stable, healthy to unstable, severely damaged. The range of tree and shrubbery plantings used in gardening of Ulan-Ude is completed. The conducted research revealed that the main factors of lower resistance of green area in the city mini parks are seen as damaged development of the crown and drying of branches, mechanical damages of a trunk; stripping of bark and small deformations and cracks in a trunk, damages in axial escape and the crown related to high density of landings, curvature of a trunk and break of boughs of trees and bushes as a result of influence of wind or anthropogenic activity; careless attitude to requirements of cutting trees and bushes; twisting of leaves, modification of shoots, colorful Gauls due to attacks on them aphids; the presence of bacterial diseases in balsamic poplar; infectious pathologies of trunks and leaves.

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