The Part played by Microclimates in enabling Glossina submorsitans and G. tachinoides to withstand the high Temperatures of a West African Dry Season

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. M. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

1. It has been confirmed that the lower limit of the critical zone, for fly of medium age, is 102°F. for both species; this limit is probably even lower for very old G. tachinoides.2. The adverse effect upon the fly community of a day when the maximum temperature enters the critical zone is continued among the older individuals for several days following, even though the maximum temperature on these days remains below the lower limit.3. From the mean maximum temperatures recorded over 52 days in 9 microclimates, it would appear that sites on the ground are cooler than those above the surface; the difference is not very great, the mean for the four ground sites being only 4·4°F. lower than the mean for the five above-ground sites.4. The evidence suggests that on very hot days only the ground within the true forest is safe for tsetse; in all other sites—above the ground in the true forest or on the ground in the intrusive and peripheral thickets—the temperature is liable to enter the critical zone, and may even reach the upper fatal limit.5. The tsetse community is living very close to the critical zone in the late dry season. Even the coolest ground site yielded an absolute maximum that was only 3·5°F. below the lower limit.6. Site no. 9 gives an indication of how severe the conditions might become in the true forest were the windbreaks of peripheral and intrusive thicket removed.7. In ground sites a shower of rain produces about twice as great an initial drop in temperature, and temperature remains abnormally low for about twice as long, as it does for sites above the surface of the soil.8. The duration of the period of dangerously high temperatures to which the fly community is subjected in the late dry season may be very varied; it depends upon the incidence of rain in April and May.

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
John H. Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: I. PLANTING DATE AND LOCATION

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Fletcher ◽  
A. R. Maurer ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
B. Stanfield
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The effect of 15 planting dates on various growth characteristics of peas var. Dark Skin Perfection was studied in outdoor pot experiments at Vancouver and Agassiz, B.C. Differences in growth and yield between locations and planting dates were partly accounted for by the mean of maximum temperatures for the growth period.At Agassiz where temperatures exceeded the optimum for most growth characteristics in many of the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was negatively correlated with total dry-matter yield, peas per pod, and pea yield; was positively correlated with branching; and had no effect on pods per plant, double-podded nodes, and tillering. At Vancouver, where temperatures were suboptimum for the early plantings and approached optimum for the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was positively correlated with total dry-matter yield, pods per plant, double-podded nodes, tillering, and pea yield but had no effect on peas per pod or branching. A seasonal mean maximum temperature of 68 to 70°F was considered to be optimum for peas.

scholarly journals An investigation of monthly mean maximum and absolute maximum temperatures of Bangladesh

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
F. K. AHMED ◽  
A. MOBASSHER
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Synoptic Meteorology ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variations ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Using synoptic and climatological data for 27 years (1951-1977) of 16 stations of Bangladesh, temporal and spatial variations of the ab3olute maximum temperature of Bangladesh have been studied. Empirical probabilities for the interval 35.loC-40.o0C and 40,1° -45.0°C of absolute maximum temperature have been examined. Some correlation characteristics between some pairs of station for some selected months have been analysed. An attempt has been made to explain the cause of temporal and spatial variations of maximum and absolute maximum temperatures from the point of view of synoptic meteorology.  

scholarly journals ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iug Lopes ◽  
Juliana Maria M De Melo ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Country Club ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Inverse Distance

ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  IUG LOPES¹; JULIANA MARIA MEDRADO DE MELO² E BRAULIRO GONÇALVES LEAL³ ¹ Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmão, CEP: 52171-900 – Recife, PE. [email protected]² Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Rua Edgar Chastinet, s/n - São Geraldo, BA, 48905-680 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]³ Colegiado de Engenharia da Computação, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antonio Carlos Magalhães, 510 Country Club, CEP: 48.902-300 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]  1 RESUMO  Dentre as variáveis meteorológicas requeridas para o cálculo do balanço hídrico destacam-se as temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas do ar, que apresentam uma continuidade no quantitativo de distância e assim permitem de uma maneira mais simples a criação de campos contínuos utilizando métodos de interpolação espacial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar potências para o método de interpolação do Inverso da Potência da Distância (IPD) na espacialização de valores diários da temperatura no Submédio São Francisco, para os períodos de um ano, das estações do ano (inverno, primavera, verão e outono). Foram obtidos os parâmetros de potência do interpolador Inverso da Potência da Distância das temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas a partir dos dados medidos em 14 estações meteorológicas automáticas do INMET em operação no Pólo de Desenvolvimento Petrolina-Juazeiro. Foram realizadas interpolações para as épocas: anual, inverno, primavera, verão e outono. A variação diária do erro relativo médio obtida, para a época ano, calculado utilizando os dados de temperatura mínima, média e máxima utilizando o valor da potência do interpolador foram iguais a 3,3; 3,4; e 3,4, respectivamente. Os valores de erro médio foram pequenos quando comparados com o erro instrumental. Palavras-chave: interpolação, validação cruzada, estação meteorológica  LOPES, I; MELO, J. M. M.; LEAL, B. G. SPATIALIZATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE TO THE REGION OF SUBMEDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  2 ABSTRACT Among the meteorological variables required for the calculation of the water balance are the temperatures, which present a continuity in the quantitative distance and thus allow in a simpler way the creation of continuous fields using spatial interpolation methods. The objective of this work was to evaluate the power of the Inverse Distance Power (IPD) in the spatialization of daily values of temperature in the Submedia of São Francisco, for the one-year periods of the seasons (winter, spring, summer it's fall). The power parameters of the Inverse Distance Power Interpolator were obtained from the minimum, average and maximum temperatures from the data measured in 14 INMET automatic meteorological stations operating at the Petrolina-Juazeiro Development Pole. Interpolations were performed for annual, winter, spring, summer and fall seasons. The daily variation of the average relative error obtained for the year time, calculated using the data of minimum, average and maximum temperature using the value of the power of the interpolator were equal to 3.3; 3.4; and 3.4, respectively. The mean error values were small when compared to instrumental error. Keywords: interpolation, validation cross, meteorological station

scholarly journals Relation of sour cherry blooming dynamics and meteorological variables

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Start Date ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The aim of our research was to identify the role of weather parameters in the development of the start date and length of blooming. In order to achieve this, we examined how meteorological conditions of a particular year influence the start date and length of blooming in different years (dry, wet, cool, hot, sunny, cloudy). The meteorological parameters were the following: maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, precipitation, length of sunlight, difference of daytime and nightime temperatures, potential evaporation-PET, Huglin-index,Winkler-index, climatic water balance which can be calculated as a difference of precipitation and potential evaporation. In this study we wanted to find out whether early start of blooming results in a longer blooming period or if there is a generally faster blooming period when blooming starts later. Based on the results we can say that early start of blooming resulted in extended blooming period for three sour cherry varieties at the examined production sites. The start of blooming showed the closest relation with the difference of average daytime and nightime temperatures of the 30-day period prior to blooming. Significant relation was also detected with the thermic indexes as well as with maximum temperatures, climatic water balance and the degree of potential evaporation.We examined how weather 30 days prior and during blooming influenced the length of phases. Results showed that precipitation prior and during blooming is in significant relation with the length of blooming. We detected significant relation between daytime and nightime temperature differences and the length of blooming. The nature of the relation indicates that blooming periods were shorter in case of increasing temperature differences.We found that shorter blooming lengths occurred when maximum temperatures averaged between 13.5–14.5 ºC 30 days prior to blooming when examining the relation between blooming length and maximum temperature. If the average of maximum temperatures was below 13 ºC or exceeded 15 ºC during this period, then we could calculate with a blooming period longer than ten days. We proved that little precipitation and high temperature accelerates physiological processes, therefore we could calculate with an accelerated blooming and shorter blooming period.

The biology of Earias biplaga Wlk. (Lep., Noctuidae) on Theobroma cacao in Western Nigeria

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus ◽  
The Mean

Earias biplaga Wlk. has been recorded to attack Theobroma cacao from the Ivory Coast to the Congo (Léopoldville) and also in San Thomé and is the only species of the genus to do so in Africa. Attack is most serious on seedlings in the field as the apical buds are destroyed.Eggs are laid on the stem mainly, especially on leaf bracts. The first half of the larval period is passed within the apical bud and the last half in feeding on unhardened flush leaves, or, in their absence, in burrowing down the stem below the apex or in devouring the epidermis of the upper stem.The length of the larval and pupal periods is inversely related to the mean maximum temperature; they are shortest in the dry season and longest in the wet season.Differences between the sexes exist in the wing coloration, and in the shape of the labial palps, the last segment of which is much longer in the female than in the male. The dry-season form, which has the forewings suffused with golden brown in the female and with yellow-green in the male, instead of the wet-season green, occurs from January to March in the region of Ibadan, Western Nigeria.The adults are largely nocturnal and they are attracted to ultra-violet light.Adults lived longer in the laboratory on a diet of sucrose in water (males, on average, 17 days and females, 28 days) than on water alone or without either. A mean of 95 eggs per female was recorded from sucrose-fed adults in the laboratory and the greatest number of eggs laid by a single female was 461. The peak period of oviposition was the fourth to fifth day after mating (fifth to sixth after emergence). A method of rearing E. biplaga in the laboratory is described.Six alternative host-plants in Nigeria, all in the Malvales, are listed, and one, Hibiscus esculentus, is a locally important food crop. Nine Hymenopterous parasites were found to attack E. biplaga in Western Nigeria, the most important being Trichogramma luteum (Gir.) which attacks the eggs, destroying over 90 per cent, of them at certain times of the year. All the other parasites, with one possible exception, appeared to attack only the larval stage of the host.

Comparison of Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Results for a Simplified CPU/Heatsink Model

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Robinson ◽  
Mike Genova ◽  
Daniel P. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Convection Heat ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Nusselt Number Correlation

The behavior of a plate finned heatsink and simulated CPU were assessed using analytical and computational models, and these results were compared to data taken from an experimental model. The analytical model considered fin effects and after considering several options used a Nusselt number correlation for laminar flow over a flat plate to find the convection heat transfer coefficient and consequent maximum temperature at the base of the simulated CPU. Icepak thermal modeling software was utilized to create and solve the computational model. All three models considered only steady-state conditions. Maximum temperatures from the analytical, computational, and experimental models varied from one another by no more than 2% with respect to the mean temperature in Kelvin. Though these results are promising, they were achieved only through multiple refinements to the various models.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Rainfall and Temperature Trends in San Diego Region, 1985–2017

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Esther Mosase ◽  
Laurent Ahiablame ◽  
Fritz Light ◽  
Francis Dwomoh
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Set Up

Prolonged and frequent droughts in Southern California present hazards and uncertainty for the region’s increasing population, resulting in proactive and aggressive water management strategies. The goal of this study is to present a case study of the San Diego region’s rainfall and temperature time series analysis in order to determine annual and seasonal trends and their significance. Rainfall and temperature data from 20 rain-gauged stations were analyzed for the period 1985–2017. A project database was set up for data compilation and quality control, and a Mann-Kendall test for trend analysis was used. Results indicated that rainfall in the region decreased both annually and during the rainy season (November–April) by up to 0.14 mm between 1985 and 2017, although not in a statistically significant manner, except at two rainfall observation stations. Rainfall appears to have increased in many of the stations examined during the dry season (May–October), with an average magnitude of 0.09 mm. Analysis of daily minimum and maximum temperature reveals overall average annual and seasonal increases of 0.07 °C and 0.04 °C, respectively, with statistically significant increases at 10 of 17 for minimum temperature, and 0.27 °C and −0.25 °C with statistically significant increases at 9 of 16 for maximum temperature. Temperature tends to have increased more during the dry season compared to the rainy season. This study reveals an overall decreasing tendency in rainfall and an increasing tendency in minimum and maximum temperatures (although not statistically significant) in the San Diego region between 1985 and 2017, which likely contributed to important management implications for the region’s water resources.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Gadobutrol (1.0 M) versus Gadopentetate Dimeglumine (.5 M) for Enhanced Mri of Cns Lesions: A Phase Iii, Multicenter, Single-blind, Randomized Study in Chinese Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. MRI.S9348
Author(s):  
Zonghui Liang ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Dehang Wang ◽  
Yi Huan ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Gadopentetate Dimeglumine ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Diagnostic Confidence ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Cns Lesions

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of macrocyclic gadobutrol (1.0 M) with linear gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.5 M) for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of central nervous system (CNS) lesions in Chinese patients (N = 147) with known or suspected CNS lesions, who were enrolled in this single-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. Three blinded independent readers evaluated all efficacy variables. The primary efficacy variable was the difference between the two agents for the change in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced scans of lesions. Secondary outcomes included mean change in number of lesions detected before and after contrast enhancement, diagnostic confidence, and safety and tolerability parameters. Gadobutrol was non-inferior to gadopentetate dimeglumine in respect to the difference in the mean change in CNR (6.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] lower limit: -3.90; predefined maximum 95% CI lower limit: -6.52). The mean change in the number of CNS lesions detected was greater with gadobutrol versus gadopentetate dimeglumine (1.2 vs. 0.2 lesions). Diagnostic confidence was classified as ‘high’ for more patients with gadobutrol versus gadopentetate dimeglumine by the investigators (58.8% vs. 55.4%) and by the three blinded readers (63.6% vs. 55.7%, 23.7% vs. 18.0% and 81.7% vs. 81.0%). Both agents were well tolerated by participating patients. We concluded that in Chinese patients with CNS lesions, gadobutrol (1.0 M) was as effective and well tolerated in contrast-enhanced MRI as gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.5 M). Gadobutrol provided improved visualization of CNS lesions compared with gadopentetate dimeglumine, with a comparable tolerability profile.

scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis of Vehicular Emissions in Parts of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654
Author(s):  
I.R. Ilaboya ◽  
S.D. Iyeke ◽  
E.I. Abulu
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Morning Session ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Total Radiation ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The focus of this study is to monitor the incidence of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City in addition to studying the spatial variation of the pollutant using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Seven (7) georeferenced sampling points were employed for data collection and gaseous pollutants such as; dinitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) including the total radiation were monitored in the morning and evening for 35 days with the aid of portable toxic gas monitors and radiation alert meters. Also measured were maximum temperature and wind speed using infra-red thermometers and portable anemometer respectively. From the result, it was observed that for temperature, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 30.549 ± 1.3716 and during evening season it was 28.879 ± 1.1788. For NO2, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.0181 ± 0.01119 and during evening season it was 0.0230 ± 0.01282. For CO, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.5428 ± 0.36396 and during evening season it was 0.6169 ± 0.32395. For total radiation, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.247 ± 0.1285 and during evening season it was 0.281 ± 0.1298. On the significance difference of the overall results, it was revealed that the difference in concentration of vehicular emissions during the early hours of the morning and peak hours of evening is significant. With a calculated partial Eta squared based on Pillai’s trace of 0.325, it was concluded that; there exist about 32.50% variability among the dependent variables.

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