Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pseudotsuga. I. Leaf oil analysis of the coastal and Rocky Mountain varieties of the Douglas fir

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Distinguishing Features

The volatile leaf oils of the coastal and Rocky Mountain varieties of the Douglas fir were found to have distinctive terpene compositions. The relative amounts of l-β-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, α- and γ-terpinene, terpinolene, l-terpinen-4-ol, citronellol, citronellyl and geranyl acetate (relatively large in the former variety); and santene, tricyclene, l-camphene, limonene, and l-bornyl acetate (relatively large in the latter variety) may serve as distinguishing features. n-Hexenal, l-α-pinene, α- and β-phellandrene, linalool, fenchyl alcohol, and l-α-terpineol were also isolated. The within-tree and within-population variation of the amounts of these terpenes as well as populational differences from Calgary through the foothills to Revelstoke were small. Intermediate compositions were encountered as far west as the Cascades and one may distinguish clearly between interior and coastal intermediate terpene patterns. Between Keremeos and Hedley the terpene pattern was essentially that of the Rocky Mountain variety whereas at Jasper intermediate patterns leaning towards coastal intermediates were recorded. Analysis of the leaf oils from five different provenances of coastal populations indicated that a north–south cline may exist. Provenance samples showed conclusively that the terpene patterns are genetically controlled and are not influenced by ecological factors. Hence these terpene patterns may serve as a genetic guide and provide a quantitative measure of coastal, intermediate, and Rocky Mountain types of populations.

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Abies. II. Leaf oil analysis of grand fir

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (16) ◽  
pp. 1926-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
South Central ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Leaf Oil

The volatile leaf oil of the grand fir consists mainly of (−)-α-pinene, (−)-camphene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-β-phellandrene, (−)-bornyl acetate, cadinene and muurolene isomers, and two cubebol isomers. Santene, tricyclene, myrcene, car-3-ene, limonene, terpinolene, p-cymene, camphenolene aldehyde, camphor, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, citronellyl and geranyl acetate, α-cubebene, α-copaene, calamenene, and two farnesol isomers were also isolated. Attempts to identify these terpenes with a combined gas chromatograph – mass spectrometer failed to give unequivocal data and identities had to be confirmed by isolation and recording of other spectra. Except for β-pinene and β-phellandrene, within-tree and tree-to-tree variation of terpene percentages was relatively small. The leaf oil terpene composition appears to be well suited to determine geographical variation. Only minor differences were recorded between some northern coastal and interior populations, but samples from south-central Oregon showed major differences that are indicative of introgression with white fir.

scholarly journals Essential Oil Composition of Three Species of Thymus Growing Wild in Mazandaran, Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ghelichnia
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Composition

Abstract The genus Thymus has a wide distributional range and chemical composition of the essential oils varies with geographical location of collection site, climate and other ecological factors. The essential oils of the aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty seven components were characterized in the essential oil of T. fedtschenkoi. The major constituents of the oil were carvacrol (69.04%), thymol (5.95%), borneol (5.21%), p-cymene (4.20%), bornyl acetate (2.97%) and 1,8- cineole (2.72%). Twenty two components were characterized in the essential oil of T. trauveterri. The major constituents of the oil were carvacrol (54.02%), thymol (9.29%), borneol (3.51%), p-cymene (18.64%) and γ- terpinene (2.97%). Twenty six components were characterized in the essential oil of T. pubescens. The major constituents of the oil were carvacrol (13.85%), α-terpineol (11.49%), thymol (10%), geraniol (9.48%), α-pinene (8.52%), p-cymene (7.66%), camphor (4.66%), γ-terpinene (3.15%) and myrcene (2.22%). Twenty four components were characterized in the essential oil of T. fallax. The major constituents of the oil were carvacrol (41.84%), p-cymene (12.18%), α-terpineol (11.49%), thymol (10%), γ-terpinene (8.68%), borneol (5.11%), geraniol (4.35%) and geranyl acetate (2.16%).

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Tsuga. Leaf and twig oil analysis of western hemlock

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
And Storage

The chemical composition of the volatile oils of the leaves and twigs of western hemlock and the variations caused by transportation and storage, and those found within trees and within populations, were determined. Whereas the leaf oil was found to be well suited for chemosystematic studies, that of the twigs is unsatisfactory. The major components (3–25%) of the leaf oil were β-phellandrene, myrcene, α-pinene, β-pinene, cis-ocimene, limonene, and α-phellandrene and smaller amounts of α-terpineol, methyl thymol, terpinolene, cadinene and muurolene isomers and their corresponding alcohols, terpinene-4-ol, trans-ocimene, camphene, γ-terpinene, bornyl acetate, thymol, and nerolidol were identified. cis-Ocimene (8–14%) appears to be highly characteristic of the species and it, as well as other quantitative differences, may serve as a distinguishing feature with regard to mountain hemlock, eastern hemlock, and other species of the family Pinaceae. Leaf samples from 10 trees give terpene patterns that are representative of a population; no significant differences at different elevations (10–700 m) were recorded. Although the means of the major terpenes from different populations may vary by several percent, consistent differences between coastal and interior populations of British Columbia were not found.

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Abies. III. Leaf and twig oil analysis of amabilis fir

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (24) ◽  
pp. 3087-3092 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
R. S. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Acetate Methyl ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Cis And Trans

The volatile oil of the leaves, and also the twigs, of amabilis fir consists mainly of (−)-β-phellandrene, (+)-car-3-ene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-α-pinene, myrcene, (−)-limonene, terpinolene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and β-bisabolene. Smaller relative amounts of santene, tricyclene, camphene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, cis- and trans-ocimene, γ-terpinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, methyl thymol, thymol, α-cubebene, α-copaene, caryophyllene, humulene, and cadinene–muurolene isomers and their corresponding alcohols were also identified. The presence of three minor diterpene hydrocarbons and manool was indicated by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.The quantitative variation within trees, between trees, and among northern, central, and southern populations was determined. The high tree-to-tree variability obscures any significant (P = 0.05) geographic trend that may exist. Several qualitative and many significant quantitative differences exist between the leaf oil compositions of amabilis, grand, alpine, and balsam firs andpossibly also noble, white, and California red firs, and these can serve well in chemosystematic studies.

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pseudotsuga. IV. Inheritance and geographical variation in the leaf oil terpenes of Douglas-fir from the Pacific Northwest

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff ◽  
G. E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Sib Families

Quantitative terpene analysis of the leaf oils of 433 wild Douglas-fir trees from 87 northwestern localities, 66 wind-pollinated progenies of 4 trees from Idaho, 100 trees from 5 localities represented in a provenance trial, and 76 trees from four full-sib families of F1 intervarietal crosses allowed assessment of biosynthetic pathways, geographic variation, and modes of inheritance. Hypothetical biosynthetic pathways, derived from the cooccurrence of terpenes implied that the variation in 17 monoterpenes could be represented by three or four biogenetic pathways. As a result, geographic variation between the coastal and Rocky Mountain varieties can be described by the relative percentages of β-pinene, the terpinene–sabinene group of terpenes, the camphene group, and perhaps limonene. An abrupt reduction in the production of the camphene group occurs in going from interior to coastal populations. Moreover, patterns of segregation within four full-sib intervarietal hybrid families suggested that production of high relative percentages of the camphene group was governed by a single dominant gene. The dominant allele is characteristic of the Rocky Mountain variety, but isolated occurrences were also found on dry sites in coastal British Columbia. The recessive allele occurs far into the range of the Rocky Mountain variety. The coastal variety is characterized by the synthesis of relatively large amounts of β-pinene and the terpinene–sabinene group and their mode of inheritance is quantitative. Although concentrations of these terpenes decline towards the Rocky Mountains, genes controlling high amounts occur in populations of Idaho and western Montana. The variation in β-pinene and terpenes of the terpinene–sabinene group does not appear to be clinal. Trees with 5–10% ocimene are predominant in eastern Oregon. This terpene was found only in less than 1% amounts in trees from the coastal region and Montana and was practically absent in a provenance from Arizona. Hence it may serve to differentiate Rocky Mountain populations.

Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Marc D. Abrams ◽  
James C. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Display Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Needle Loss

Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.

A Multipoint Felled-Tree Validation of Height–Age Modeled Growth Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halli Hemingway ◽  
Mark Kimsey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Forest Management Planning ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract Accurate measures of forest site productivity are essential for forest-management planning. The most common measure of site productivity is breast height–age site index (BHASI)—the expected height at a reference age. Error from including early growth in productivity estimates and limited applicability of any one BHASI model warrant development of alternative methods. Exploring alternatives may only be necessary if regional BHASI models are not accurately predicting growth rates. We compared modeled height growth rates for Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) to felled-tree measurements to evaluate relative performance of a regional BHASI model. An orthogonal sampling design ensured samples were collected across a range of site factors known to influence Douglas-fir growth rates. Growth rates for each 10 m section were calculated and compared to BHASI modeled growth rates. The regional BHASI model underpredicted growth rates from breast height to 30 m. Observed growth rates from 10 to 30 m accounted for the majority of underprediction relative to BHASI modeled growth rates. An alternative multipoint method of defining site productivity is described. More research comparing BHASI and alternative methods is needed, given the growth rate error associated with one-point site productivity assessment.

Gas-liquid chromatography of terpenes. Part XVI. The volatile oil of the leaves of Juniperus ashei Buchholz

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Juniperus Ashei ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Ashe Juniper ◽  
First Time ◽  
Unique Chemical

The major components of the leaf oil of the Ashe juniper were found to be d-camphor (42.1 %), d-bornyl acetate (22.5%), d-limonene (8.4%), tricyclene (4.8%), d-camphene (4.4%), d-borneol (2.9%), p-cymene (2.8%), d-α-myrcene (1.8%), d-α-pinene (1.7%), and d-camphene hydrate (1.5%). This appears to be the first time that the latter alcohol has been isolated from a natural source. Smaller amounts of linalool, carvone, elemol, and traces of trans-2-methyl-6-methylene-3,7-octadien-2-ol were also identified. Several alcohols having terminal methylene groups were isolated in trace amounts.The monoterpenes found in this oil are not typical for the genus Juniperus and this result offers a unique chemical approach to the study of introgression of the Ashe juniper with other juniper species.

The Life History and Habits of Scolytus unispinosus Leconte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. McMullen ◽  
M. D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Standing Timber

The Douglas-fir engraver, Scolytus unispinosus Leconte, is a common bark beetle throughout the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Region of North America. Although it occasionally kills young trees (Chamberlin, 1939), it is of minor economic importance, usually confining its attack to tops, limbs and logging slash. In standing timber it acts primarily as a secondary insect, attacking the tops and branches of trees killed or severely weakened by other agents. In the interior of British Columbia it is commonly found in Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and thus it is of interest as an associate of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Two other bark beetles Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte) and Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) with similar associations were studied earlier (Walters and McMullen, 1956; McMullen and Atkins, 1959).

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