Seasonal changes in carbohydrate levels in tissues of Carex lacustris

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (20) ◽  
pp. 2140-2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Roseff ◽  
John M. Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Carex Lacustris

Seasonal changes in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) levels in aboveground and belowground tissues of Carex lacustris were determined. TNC concentrations of aboveground tissues averaged 15–20% of the dry weight throughout the year, ranging from 31.3% in newly emerged shoots in September to 3.1% in mostly dead shoots in December. Belowground, TNC concentrations ranged from a low of 16.4% in young rhizomes in midsummer to a high of 44.9% in late October.TNC content of shoots was 68.5 g/m2 on May 5, increasing to a peak of 224.5 g/m2on August 5. Levels declined to a low of 31.6 g/m2 by December 5, of which 74% was found in young shoots about to overwinter. Belowground TNC was 107.5 g/m2 on May 8, declined somewhat into June, then increased to a maximum of 240 g/m2 on October 24. The data indicate these belowground reserves are important for the species to overwinter successfully.The difference between the minimum TNC content of the sedge biomass in late May and the peak in October represented a gain over the summer of approximately 205 g/m2.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine as A Chemical Thinner for `McIntosh' Apples. I. Fruit Thinning Effect1s and Associated Relationships with Photosynthesis, Assimilate Translocation, and Nonstructural Carbohydrates

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

BA was applied at 50 or 100 mg·L-1 to `More-Spur McIntosh'/Malling 7 (M.7) apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] at the 10 mm stage of fruit development. BA thinned fruit and increased fruit size. There were two distinguishable peaks of fruit abscission during `June drop'. BA accentuated the naturally occurring waves of fruit abscission, and enhanced translocation of 14C-sorbitol from leaves to fruit when applied directly to the fruit, but not when applied directly to the leaves. Net photosynthesis was decreased and dark respiration was increased when temperature following BA application was high (30 °C), whereas there was no effect when temperature was lower (20 °C). Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, and starch in the leaves decreased dramatically over the 12- or 13-day observation period, regardless of BA treatment. These carbohydrate concentrations in the leaves were lowered further by BA application. Abscising fruit, based on specific reddening of the pedicel, had higher carbohydrate levels than persisting fruit, regardless of BA application. We conclude that BA thins fruit, at least in part, by increasing dark respiration and decreasing net photosynthesis. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis in relation to diurnal accumulation of carbohydrates in source leaves

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Net photosynthetic rates, stomatal and mesophyll conductances to CO2 uptake, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates contents, specific leaf weights of fully expanded source leaves, and elongation rates of rapidly expanding leaves were measured on 2 days during a period of water stress in soybean and sunflower plants in a controlled environment. Compared with control plants, elongation rates of expanding leaves and translocation rates of dry weight from source leaves in the light were more reduced by stress than were net photosynthetic rates of source leaves. Over the 8-h light period, the dry weight increase of source leaves was up to 23 mg dm−2 (1.5 × control) higher in stressed plants, but was not in all cases higher in stressed than control plants. In stressed plants a smaller fraction of the increase in dry weight in source leaves in the light was in nonstructural carbohydrates. At the end of the light period, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates were up to 9 mg dm−2 higher in stressed than control leaves in sunflower, but were not higher in soybean. No differences in carbohydrate contents at the end of the light period were found in sunflower between the 2 days of stress, although stress became more severe in terms of lower rates of photosynthesis, translocation, and leaf elongation. The approximately threefold reductions in net photosynthetic rates in stressed leaves were related to both lower stomatal and lower mesophyll conductances. Mesophyll conductances of stressed leaves were not significantly correlated with water soluble carbohydrate content, total nonstructural carbohydrate content, or specific leaf weight in either species.

Role of Carbohydrate Reserves in the Development of Root Suckers in Populustremuloides

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Schier ◽  
John C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Significant Contributor ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Root Suckers

The role of carbohydrate reserves in initial sucker growth from excised roots of Alaskan and Utahan aspen (Popnlustremuloides Michx.) was investigated by correlating the seasonal variation in sucker production in darkness with the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (T.N.C.) in the roots. Sucker numbers were not correlated with T.N.C. content. Dry weight of suckers per cutting (D.W./C) was a function of T.N.C. percentage and the number of suckers per cutting (No./C). In the additive model, D.W./C = b0 + b1 (No./C) + b2 (T.N.C), T.N.C. was a significant contributor to sucker dry weight. Although dry weight per cutting increased as the number of suckers became larger, dry weight per sucker decreased. Within geographic area, number and dry weight of suckers and T.N.C. percentage were related to both date of collection and clone of origin. Seasonal trends in T.N.C. content were similar in the Utahan and Alaskan roots studied.

scholarly journals Seasonal Patterns of Carbohydrates and Proline in Jojoba Clones that Differ in Frost Susceptibility

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak S. Khalafalla ◽  
David A. Palzkill
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Resistant Clone ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Sugar Levels

Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), starch, total soluble sugars, sucrose, and proline concentrations were monitored for 18 months in leaf tissue of two jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] clones that differ in frost susceptibility. Seasonal changes in TNC and starch concentrations, with maxima in the winter and minima in summer, were significant. Sugar levels decreased from fall to spring and increased during early summer. The more frost-resistant clone (C-1) had significantly higher sugar concentrations during most of the study than the less frost-resistant clone (C-2). Proline concentrations largely followed the trends found for TNC. The C-1 clone had the higher levels of proline, except when C-2 was frost-injured. Growth trends were similiar between C-1 and C-2, with a major growth flush from March to May. Relatively high levels of starch preceded growth flushes.

Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Regrowth in Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) Following Hand Defoliation or Clopyralid Treatment

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry T. Cralle ◽  
Rodney W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prosopis Glandulosa ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Equivalent Rate ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the storage of nonstructural carbohydrates in the stems and roots of honey mesquite and their mobilization and utilization following defoliation by hand or clopyralid. All leaves were removed by hand from one group of plants while leaving stems intact. Another group received a foliar spray of clopyralid at a sublethal acid equivalent rate of 0.07 kg ha−1. Samplings at treatment on day 0 and at 14, 28, 42, and 58 d after treatment measured leaf area; dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots; and grams and percent total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots. Controls accumulated dry weight and grams total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots, while maintaining a constant percent total nonstructural carbohydrates throughout the experiment. Percent and grams total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots of hand defoliated plants decreased by about one-half from day 0 to 14 as new leaf growth occurred, but increased and returned to pretreatment levels on day 28. A similiar, though slower, pattern of decline and recovery of total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots occurred in response to defoliation by clopyralid. These results showed that the nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots of honey mesquite were important sources of carbohydrates to support new leaf regrowth following defoliation by hand or herbicide.

SEEDLING GROWTH OF FOUR AGROPYRON SPECIES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
A. JOHNSTON ◽  
S. SMOLIAK ◽  
D. B. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Agropyron Trachycaulum ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass

Seedlings of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.), cult Summit, slender wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte), cull Primar, pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.), cult Greenleaf, and quack-grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) were grown in the greenhouse for 6 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were harvested for growth analysis. Dry weight accumulation in A. trichophorum and A. repens exceeded that in A. desertorum and A. trachycaulum, although net assimilation rate and relative growth rate did not differ among species. A. trichophorum excelled in total weight of roots, total leaf weight, leaf area, and leaf area ratio; A. repens excelled in total sheath weight, total weight of topgrowth, and percent total nonstructural carbohydrates. We suggest that the desirable characteristics of A. repens should be utilized in Canadian grass-breeding programs.

INFLUENCE OF CLIPPING HEIGHT ON THE NEUTRAL CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF ROOT EXUDATES OF ALFALFA PLANTS GROWN UNDER GNOTOBIOTIC CONDITIONS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. HAMLEN ◽  
F. L. LUKEZIC ◽  
J. R. BLOOM
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Spectral Techniques ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Influence of clipping height on neutral carbohydrate levels in root exudates of alfalfa grown gnotobiotically was investigated by gas-chromatographic and mass-spectral techniques. Exudates were obtained from plants that were lightly clipped (removal of flower buds), intermediately clipped (15 cm), and severely clipped (removal of all but four mature leaves). Glucose, inositol, sucrose, and four unidentified (U) components were detected. Fluctuations in the level of sugars were observed in exudates from two sampling periods. Glucose and U1 were most concentrated under light clipping. Levels of inositol and sucrose were maximum under intermediate clipping. Amounts of U3 were greatest from severely clipped plants, whereas levels of U5 remained constant at all cuttings. Concentration of U4 was lowest under severe clipping. U2, present in exudates from seedling plants, was not detected. Quantities of sugars released per gram of dry weight of root tissue were greater under severe clipping. U1 was the major component, with glucose, inositol, and sucrose minor components of the total sugars.

Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Campagna ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

Changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol before premature leaf senescence of Populus nigra induced by a mixture of O3 and SO2

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Fialho ◽  
J. Bücker
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Premature Leaf Senescence ◽  
Early Indication

Specimens of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen exhibit premature leaf senescence when exposed for a few weeks to realistic air pollution. In this study, the changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol (MI) due to 30 ± 1 nL/L O3 + 12 ± 1 nL/L SO2 from the onset of exposure to the occurrence of premature abscission is presented. Petioles and laminae of the 12 oldest leaves were separately analysed on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 22, and 32 of continuous exposure, which was performed in open-top chambers (OTC). On days 8 to 12, clearly prior to yellowing (starting on day 22), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; starch + raffinose + sucrose + glucose + fructose + MI) in the fumigated laminae exceeded that in controls by about 30%. This increase was due to higher amounts of different soluble forms, while starch remained unaltered. From day 20 onwards, the level of TNC in the fumigated laminae progressively fell below that in controls. This decrease was due to a progressive decline in starch, which had started on day 16 and was dominating, although glucose and raffinose increased significantly. In the petioles, starch, sucrose, and glucose decreased because of fumigation with the occurrence of leaf yellowing, while raffinose increased. In contrast, MI in the petioles progressively accumulated directly on exposure until leaf yellowing occurred. The results are discussed in terms of the "general adaption syndrome" of H. Selye (1936. Nature (London), 138: 32). The marked MI response in petioles is concluded to be an early indication of phytorelevant O3 + SO2 pollution. Keywords: air pollution, carbohydrates, myo-inositol, pigments, Populus nigra L., senescence, stress.

Nutrient cycling in a Carex lacustris wetland

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Bernard ◽  
Betsy A. Solsky
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Belowground Production ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Carex Lacustris

Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground life history of Carex lacustris were determined and used to study primary production and nutrient cycling in the ecosystem. Seasonal aboveground production was estimated to be about 965 g/m2 per year, with a peak rate of 20.9 g/m2 per day reached in late July. Belowground production was estimated to be 208 g/m2 per year for a total production estimate of 1173 g/m2 per year.Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium begin the season with high percentage concentrations in green overwintering shoots but the percentages decline to only about one-third of the original at death in December. Early growth in spring is characterized by a redistribution of these nutrients in the shoots, some translocation from belowground tissues, and uptake from the soil. Calciumand magnesium do not show any important translocation patterns during the year.The yearly budget of uptake and loss of nutrients during a year is estimated to be 15.9 g/m2 nitrogen, 1.9 g/m2 phosphorus, 16.6 g/m2 potassium, 2.9 g/m2 calcium, and 1.5 g/m2 magnesium.

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