The effect of crude oil on the morphology of the green flagellate Chlamydomonas angulosa

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (24) ◽  
pp. 2717-2728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Soto ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson ◽  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
R. G. Sheath
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Osmiophilic Granules ◽  
Green Flagellate ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Increased Activity

The morphological changes of Chlamydomonas angulosa induced by treatment with an aqueous crude oil extract (ACOE) have been studied and compared with normal cells in the exponential phase of growth. Observations of oil-treated cells under the light microscope showed an effect on flagellar length and on motility, an increased activity of the contractile vacuoles, and an increase in granulations. Cells so treated become surrounded by a transparent envelope. By electron microscopy, the progression of ultrastructural changes has been followed. These changes include: a widened space between the cell wall and the plasmalemma; distorted and disorganized chloroplast lamellae; a decrease in density of the osmiophilic granules; and the presence of electron-dense deposits inside the cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cells were found to possess the ability to recover from the above abnormalities within an 8-day incubation period. Such a recovery corresponds to resumption of motility, capacity for growth, and photosynthesis, as described in other work. Based both on appearance, and on comparisons with bacterial, fungal studies, and cytochemical studies, it is suggested that the osmiophilic granules are lipid in nature and may act as a hydrocarbon sink. A self-cleansing mechanism is also suggested for these granules.

The effect of the hydrocarbon naphthalene on the morphology of the green flagellate Chlamydomonas angulosa

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (24) ◽  
pp. 2729-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Soto ◽  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson ◽  
R. G. Sheath
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hollow Core ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Osmiophilic Granules ◽  
Peripheral Structure ◽  
Green Flagellate

The morphological changes of Chlamydomonas angulosa, when incubated with a 50% saturated solution of the aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene, have been studied. Comparisons are made with the effects of crude oil. Observations under the light microscope reveal a totally inhibited motility, loss of flagella, an increase in the activity of the contractile vacuoles, and the appearance of cytoplasmic granulation. The cells were found to develop a surrounding transparent envelope. With electron microscopy, the following ultrastructural changes were revealed: the cell wall became partially thickened and a widened space developed between the cell wall and the plasmalemma; abnormal chloroplast lamellae developed, composed of numerous thylakoids; starch grains increased in number and in size; the osmiophilic granules of the stigma became a hollow core with peripheral structure and electron-dense material became heavily deposited inside the cytoplasmic vacuoles. This material stained deeply with Sudan black B, indicating its lipid nature. No recovery of cells was found during the 8-day incubation period with naphthalene, in contrast to recoveries noted with crude oil treatment. The lipid deposits in the vacuole also showed no indication of migration or reduction during this period.

Effect of naphthalene and aqueous crude oil extracts on the green flagellate Chlamydomonas angulosa. IV. Decreases in cellular manganese and potassium

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Hutchinson ◽  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
C. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Manganese Uptake ◽  
Green Flagellate ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Short Time ◽  
In Cells

The effect of exposure to naphthalene and to aqueous extracts of crude oil on contents of manganese and potassium in cells of Chlamydomonas angulosa has been measured simultaneously by neutron activation analysis. Decreases of both manganese and potassium from treated cells commenced within a very short time of treatment initiation, and may be due to hydrocarbon-induced membrane damage. In control experiments, manganese uptake into cells was found to be light dependent, and potassium uptake was even more so. In cells treated with a 100% saturated naphthalene solution in Bold's basal medium (BBM), little cellular manganese remained after 6 h of exposure and less than 2% was left within 24 h. Potassium loss was even more rapid and complete. Rates of loss for both elements in a 50% saturated naphthalene solution in BBM and in an aqueous crude oil extract were slower but showed a similar pattern. For potassium in both light or dark exposures, an initial increase in cellular content occurred. Sodium acetate was added to assess heterotrophic growth, and the effects of this addition on the loss of the two elements are discussed. Over a short time, it appeared to act as an alternative to light energy in restoring membrane function.

Effect of vinblastine and cytochalasin B on the cytoskeletal domains in 3T3 cells

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-73
Author(s):  
J.H. Temmink ◽  
H. Spiele
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Scanning Electron

Normal 3T3 cells were exposed to vinblastine and cytochalasin B in an attempt to correlate the morphological changes of the cell surface as seen in the scanning electron microscope with ultrastructural changes of the cytoskeletal elements as seen in critical-point-dried cells in the transmission electron microscope. Special attention was given to the changes in the cytoplasmic domains distinguished in a previous paper. Cytochalasin B primarily affects the ultrastructure of the cytocortical domain by inducing the formation of condensation foci on the cytoplasmic material. Vinblastine not only induces the depolymerization of microtubules and the perinuclear concentration of intermediate filaments, but it also causes the disappearance of stress fibres from the cortical cytoplasm and the widening of the cytocortex at the expense of the endoplasmic domain. These results support the hypothesis that the differentiation in ultrastructural domains is dependent on the spreading of the cells and their adhesion to substrate.

scholarly journals Modulation of Metamorphic and Regenerative Events by Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Exposure in Tadpoles, Xenopus laevis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Veronica Holganza ◽  
Adonis Rivie ◽  
Kevin Martus ◽  
Jaishri Menon
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Plasma Exposure ◽  
Tail Regeneration ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Pressure Plasma ◽  
Metamorphic Development

Atmospheric pressure plasma has found wide clinical applications including wound healing, tissue regeneration, sterilization, and cancer treatment. Here, we have investigated its effect on developmental processes like metamorphosis and tail regeneration in tadpoles. Plasma exposure hastens the process of tail regeneration but delays metamorphic development. The observed differences in these two developmental processes following plasma exposure are indicative of physiological costs associated with developmental plasticity for their survival. Ultrastructural changes in epidermis and mitochondria in response to the stress of tail amputation and plasma exposure show characteristics of cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress. Mitochondria show morphological changes such as swelling with wide and fewer cristae and seem to undergo processes such as fission and fusion. Complex interactions between calcium, peroxisomes, mitochondria and their pore transition pathways are responsible for changes in mitochondrial structure and function, suggesting the subcellular site of action of plasma in this system.

scholarly journals Light and electron microscopy characteristics of the muscle of patients with SURF1 gene mutations associated with Leigh disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Pronicki ◽  
E Matyja ◽  
D Piekutowska-Abramczuk ◽  
T Szymańska-Dębińska ◽  
A Karkucińska-Więckowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Leigh Syndrome ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Consistent Feature ◽  
Muscle Changes

Aims:Leigh syndrome (LS) is characterised by almost identical brain changes despite considerable causal heterogeneity. SURF1 gene mutations are among the most frequent causes of LS. Although deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a typical feature of the muscle in SURF1-deficient LS, other abnormalities have been rarely described. The aim of the present work is to assess the skeletal muscle morphology coexisting with SURF1 mutations from our own research and in the literature.Methods:Muscle samples from 21 patients who fulfilled the criteria of LS and SURF1 mutations (14 homozygotes and 7 heterozygotes of c.841delCT) were examined by light and electron microscopy.Results:Diffuse decreased activity or total deficit of COX was revealed histochemically in all examined muscles. No ragged red fibres (RRFs) were seen. Lipid accumulation and fibre size variability were found in 14 and 9 specimens, respectively. Ultrastructural assessment showed several mitochondrial abnormalities, lipid deposits, myofibrillar disorganisation and other minor changes. In five cases no ultrastructural changes were found. Apart from slight correlation between lipid accumulation shown by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques, no other correlations were revealed between parameters investigated, especially between severity of morphological changes and the patient’s age at the biopsy.Conclusion:Histological and histochemical features of muscle of genetically homogenous SURF1-deficient LS were reproducible in detection of COX deficit. Minor muscle changes were not commonly present. Also, ultrastructural abnormalities were not a consistent feature. It should be emphasised that SURF1-deficient muscle assessed in the light and electron microscopy panel may be interpreted as normal if COX staining is not employed.

Oxygen consumption rate of shrimp exposed to crude oil extract

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 230-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Pihl Baden
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Oil Extract

In vitrocytokines profile and ultrastructural changes of microglia and macrophages following interaction withLeishmania

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA KARLA SANTOS RAMOS ◽  
MAYSA DE VASCONCELOS BRITO ◽  
FERNANDO TOBIAS SILVEIRA ◽  
CLÁUDIO GUEDES SALGADO ◽  
WANDERLEY DE SOUZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Robust Response

SUMMARYIn the present study, we assessed morphological changes and cytokine production afterin vitrointeraction with causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and compared the microglia and macrophage immune responses. Cultures of microglia and macrophages infected with stationary-phase promastigotes ofLeishmania(Viannia)shawi, Leishmania(Viannia)braziliensisorLeishmania(Leishmania)amazonensiswere evaluated 24, 48 and 72 h after interaction. Macrophages only presented the classical phagocytic process while microglia also displayed large cytoplasmic projections similar to the ruffles described in macropinocytosis. In the macrophage cultures, the percentage of infected cells increased over time, in a fashion that was dependent on the parasite species. In contrast, in microglial cells as the culture time progressed, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of infected cells independent of parasite species. Measurements of cytokines in macrophage cultures 48 h after interactions revealed distinct expression patterns for different parasites, whereas in microglial cultures they were similar for allLeishmaniatested species. Taken together, our results suggest that microglia may have a higher phagocytic ability and cytotoxic potential than macrophages for all investigated species. The robust response of microglia against all parasite species may suggest microglia have an important role in the defence against cerebral leishmaniasis.

The significance of morphological changes in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage

1990 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc R. Mayberg ◽  
Tomohisa Okada ◽  
Don H. Bark
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

✓ A porcine model was developed to allow quantitative assessment of morphological changes in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage and to determine the significance of structural changes in producing arterial narrowing. Whole blood was selectively applied to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of seven pigs. After 10 days, vessels were perfusion-fixed and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The MCA's exposed to whole blood for 10 days showed prominent luminal narrowing associated with profound ultrastructural changes affecting all layers of the vessel wall. Morphometric analysis, however, demonstrated that significant reductions in the luminal cross-sectional area (−55.8% ± 12.5%, p < 0.005) and increases in radial wall thickness (75.1% ± 10.5%, p < 0.005) were associated with only minimal increase in the cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (12.5% ± 15%,p < 0.025). By stereological analysis, the volume density of individual components of the arterial wall was unchanged in MCA's exposed to blood. Vessels exposed to blood showed a 44% reduction in smooth-muscle cell immunoreactive actin and increased collagen in the extracellular matrix of the vessel wall. These data suggest that structural changes in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage do not directly contribute to vessel narrowing through increases in wall mass. Nevertheless, such changes may reflect pathological mechanisms which act to augment prolonged vasoconstriction or inhibit the maintenance of normal vascular tone.

Functional and morphological changes of the thyroid gland following 5 days of pulsatile TRH stimulation in male rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Hoang-Vu ◽  
G Brabant ◽  
H Leitolf ◽  
A von zur Mühlen ◽  
H Dralle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Immunogold Staining ◽  
Trh Stimulation

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the selective effects of a small increase in plasma TSH levels on thyroid function, proliferation and morphology. Chronically catheterized male Sprague–Dawley rats were stimulated i.v. over 5 days either with TRH (2 μg TRH in 100 μl 0·9% (w/v) NaCl (TRH-P) or the NaCl carrier alone (P), both given as pulses every 2 h. Control groups were cotreated i.v. with 10 μg thyroxine (T4)/100 g body weight per day (TRH-P+T4) starting 2 days before pulsatile stimulation. TSH plasma levels were approximately doubled by TRH-P (P≤0·001), T4 plasma levels significantly increased (P≤0·001) but tri-iodothyronine plasma levels did not change compared with treatment with P. No significant changes between groups were found in thyroid weight and in intrathyroidal iodine content, but the percentage of 5-bromo-2′-desoxyuridinelabelled thyrocytes as a marker of proliferation in TRH-P-treated animals was significantly increased over P or TRH-P+T4 (P≤0·001). Ultrastructural analysis of the thyroid evaluated by electron microscopy revealed a significant increase in the number of lysosomes (P≤0·001). The size of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in relation to the cytoplasm was significantly increased when treated with TRH-P compared with P or TRH-P+T4 (P≤0·001). Post-embedding immunogold staining revealed Tg as a major product within ER cisternae. Immunogold labelling was moderate in controls and higher densities of gold particles were obtained in TRH-P-treated animals (P≤0·001). In conclusion, short-term pulsatile TRH stimulation increasing the plasma levels of immunoreactive TSH only twofold is capable of inducing hypertrophy of the thyrocytes by gross ultrastructural changes which are paralleled by an increase in circulating T4. These data underscore the dominant role of TSH on thyroid ultrastructure within the narrow boundaries of normal physiological regulation. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 339–348

scholarly journals Ionic mechanisms in secretagogue-induced morphological changes in rat parotid gland.

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Leslie ◽  
J W Putney
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Vacuole Formation ◽  
High K ◽  
Ionic Mechanisms ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Depolarizing Agents ◽  
Rat Parotid

When 10(-5) M carbachol was added to parotid tissue slices incubated in buffer containing Ca++, watery vacuoles were formed in the cells. The percent volume density of vacuoles, as measured from 0.5-micron sections, increased from 0.64 +/- 0.15 SE (n = 7) to 3.09 +/- 0.99 (n = 5) in 10 min and, finally, to 7.27 +/- 1.88 (n = 4) in 30 min. In electron micrographs, most of the vacuoles appeared to arise from a location near the Golgi apparatus. Condensation of nuclear chromatin and a conformational change in mitochondria were also noted immediately after stimulation. The percent volume density values returned to basal levels with the addition of either 5 mM EGTA or 10(-6) M atropine after the addition of carbachol. Nuclei and mitochondria returned to normal configurations. In the presence of either 1 mM ouabain or high K+, or in the absence of added Ca++, carbachol failed to induce vacuole formation. However, low Na+ medium did not prevent the formation of vacuoles due to carbachol. Ultrastructural changes in nuclei and mitochondria were consistently associated with the appearance of vacuoles. Since both high K+ and ouabain blocked vacuole formation, it is unlikely that Na+ or K+ movements were important for the response. Rather, receptor-activated Ca++ influx, which is likely to be inhibited by depolarizing agents (such as high K+ or ouabain), is probably the more important factor in vacuole formation and other concomitant ultrastructural changes.

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