Studies of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in genetically pure lines of Avena fatua with different dormancy characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2099-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Jain ◽  
W. A. Quick ◽  
A. I. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Pure Lines

Seven genetically pure lines of wild oat selections of known dormancy characteristics were grown under uniform field conditions. Acid-soluble phosphorus components were determined in the dry seeds, in the imbibed seeds, and in imbibed seeds with dormancy-breaking treatments. No significant correlation between dormancy level and acid-soluble phosphorus composition was established for any component other than inorganic phosphorus (Pi). In dry caryopses Pi varied from 5 to 10% of the acid-soluble fraction. A highly significant inverse correlation was found between levels of Pi in the dry caryopsis and the relative depth of dormancy of the wild oat selection considered. The effect of imbibition on Pi level varied with depth of dormancy. Intact seeds of nondormant lines imbibed for 52 h showed a significant decline in Pi prior to coleorhiza protrusion from the dehulled caryopsis. More deeply dormant lines of Avena fatua (pure lines Anderson 51, Anderson 474, or Crop Science 40) required up to 10 days of incubation for significant drops in Pi to appear, while the most dormant lines (pure line Montana 73 and Idaho) did not evidence significant decline in Pi even after 10 days of incubation. The increase in Pi level associated with coleorhiza protrusion could be produced in the imbibed dormant lines by piercing them with a fine needle, by treating with gibberellic acid (GA3), or by a combination of the two treatments. The combination of piercing and GA3 treatment was much more effective than either treatment alone.

Germination response to phytochrome depends on specific dormancy states in wild oat (Avena fatua)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1528-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Hou ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Germination Response ◽  
Genetic Origins

Effects of brief red and far-red light on germination of seeds from dormant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) were studied in combination with mechanical injury to the seed coat, application of gibberellin A3, or changes in relative humidity during afterripening. Aberrant germination responses to phytochrome action were observed in the mechanically injured seeds in some of the lines, i.e., brief red light inhibited or delayed germination induced by injury, and immediately following far-red light cancelled the negative effects. Phytochrome action influenced germination of the gibberellin-treated seeds in a normal fashion, although effects of the gibberellic acid and brief red light on germination were not additive. Brief red light inhibited germination of seeds afterripened in zero relative humidity; the same light promoted germination of those in 30 and 60% relative humidity. Germination response to phytochrome in wild oat depends on specific seed dormancy states, illustrated by genetic origins, dormancy-breaking methods and afterripening conditions. Key words: Avena fatua, dormancy, mechanical injury, gibberellin A3, phytochrome, relative humidity.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Ethephon on Fate of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Seed in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
Andrea L. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Germination Stimulants ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
Total Seed

A study under glasshouse conditions determined the effect of germination stimulants, potassium nitrate and ethephon, on emergence of several pure lines of wild oat from soil. Effect of the two chemicals on stimulating emergence was variable and no synergism noted when used together. Examination of exhumed seed showed that these treatments reduced seed viability. By counting the number of dead and adding to those that emerged, total seed removed from the soil was obtained. All treatments removed seed from the soil seedbank, especially when seed was old, near the soil surface, was primary seed, or from low or intermediate dormancy lines. However, because of the insensitivity of a large proportion of the seed and the high rates required it is unlikely that either potassium nitrate or ethephon has practical use for field application.

Variation Within Pure Lines of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in Relation to Temperature of Development

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
Mary Loewen ◽  
Stephen J. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
Seed Water Content

Plants of dormant and nondormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) lines were grown under temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 C. A number of physiological and morphological characters in the plants and seed of both lines were influenced by temperature. Duration of dormancy in the progeny seed increased in both lines that had experienced low temperatures (15 C) during development, and decreased in seed of both lines that had experienced high temperatures (25 C) during development. High, compared to low, temperatures of development decreased plant height, vegetative and seed development time, seed numbers per plant, seed dry weight, and seed water content.

Effects of immersing dry seeds in alkaline solutions on seed dormancy and water uptake in wild oat (Avena fatua)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Hou ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Breaking Dormancy

Effects of immersing dry seeds in KOH and NaOH solutions on seed dormancy and water uptake were studied in three dormant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). KOH was more effective than NaOH in breaking dormancy. Maximum dormancy-breaking effect of 5.3 N KOH could be achieved with a 10- or 15-min treatment. Increase in treatment time did not necessarily increase germination; rather, it caused damage to the seeds. For 10-min treatment, 5.3 and 7.6 N KOH solutions were more effective than 3 and 9.8 N. Genetic lines responded differently to the KOH treatment. Initial rate and amount of water uptake by KOH-treated seed were significantly higher than by the untreated. It is believed that breaking dormancy by the alkaline treatment is related to removing the barrier to water uptake formed by the seed coat. Key words: Alkalis, Avena fatua, dormancy, seed coat, seedling growth

Solid, slightly soluble phosphorus compounds as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment of forest industry wastewaters

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Riitta Rantala ◽  
Hannu Wirola
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the study was to determine if solid, slightly soluble compounds can be used as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment plants instead of liquid phosphoric acid. Four different solid materials were tested in lab-scale solubility tests to find compounds which are least soluble. Two materials were chosen for further studies: apatite and raw phosphate. The use of apatite and raw phosphate as nutrient source was studied in lab-scale activated sludge reactors along with a control reactor where phosphorus was added in liquid form. The phosphorus dosage, measured as elementary phosphorus, was the same for all three reactors. The reactors were fed with pre-clarified chemi-thermomechanical pulp mill (CTMP) wastewater. There were no significant differences in the reductions of organic matter between the three reactors. The mean effluent concentration of total phosphorus was 3 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 1 mg P/1 in the other two reactors. The soluble phosphorus concentration was more than 2 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 0.5 mg P/l in the other two. Apatite was an even better nutrient source than raw phosphate. Further lab-scale tests were conducted using two different grain sizes of apatite. No significant differences were found between the studied grain sizes (<0.074 mm and 0.074 mm-0.125 mm). Apatite was then used in full-scale at a CTMP-mill two different times. The experiments showed that the mean concentrations of phosphorus can be reduced radically by using apatite as a nutrient source instead of liquid phosphorus. Solid phosphorus compounds are a viable alternative to reduce the phosphorus load from forest industry wastewater treatment plants.

Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Neidermyer ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Wild Oats

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.

Dormancy studies in seed of Avena fatua. 10. On the inheritance of germination behaviour

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (15) ◽  
pp. 1663-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jana ◽  
S. N. Acharya ◽  
J. M. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Germination Behaviour ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Pure Lines

Breeding experiments were performed with pure lines of Avena fatua differing characteristically in duration of primary seed dormancy. The results indicate that the parental lines differ for at least three genes controlling rate of afterripening. It is evident that at least two of these genes influence the rate of afterripening at different periods after seed maturation.

Effects of Difenzoquat on Photoreactions and Respiration in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaik P. Halling ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Electron Transport ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Acceptor Activity ◽  
Proton Uptake

Experiments were conducted with isolated protoplasts of wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) and isolated chloroplasts of wild oat and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), to determine if the methyl sulfate salt of difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) might influence photoreactions in these species. Difenzoquat did not affect CO2fixation, uncoupled electron transport, or proton uptake. At concentrations of 0.5 mM and 1 mM, difenzoquat caused a slight, but statistically significant, inhibition of photophosphorylation. Experiments assaying coupled electron transport indicated that inhibition of photophosphorylation occurred not through uncoupling, but by an energy-transfer inhibition. This same effect was observed in isolated mitocondria of both species, with about 50% inhibition of state 3 respiration rates occurring with 10 μM difenzoquat. However, no important differentials were observed in the relative susceptibilities of wheat and wild oat mitochondria. Difenzoquat also functioned as a weak autooxidizing electron acceptor in photosynthetic electron transport. Therefore, difenzoquat-induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis may result from a bipyridilium-type electron acceptor activity if sufficient herbicide is absorbed.

scholarly journals Wild Oat (Avena Fatua L.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris Minor Ritz.) Management Through Allelopathy

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Mubshir Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Canary Grass

Wild Oat (Avena FatuaL.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris MinorRitz.) Management Through AllelopathyEnvironmental contamination, herbicide resistance development among weeds and health concerns due to over and misuse of synthetic herbicides has led the researchers to focus on alternative weed management strategies. Allelochemicals extracted from various plant species can act as natural weed inhibitors. In this study, allelopathic extracts from four plant species sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], mulberry (Morus albaL.), barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.], winter cherry [Withania somnifera(L.)] were tested for their potential to inhibit the most problematic wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) weeds wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and canary grass (Phalaris minorRitz.). Data regarding time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, final germination percentage, germination energy, root and shoot length, number of roots, number of leaves, and seedling fresh and dry weight was recorded for both the weeds, which showed that mulberry was the most inhibitory plant species while sorghum showed least allelopathic suppression against wild oat. Mulberry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of the wild oat germination. The allelopathic potential for different plants against wild oat was in the order: mulberry > winter cherry > barnyard grass > sorghum. Mulberry, barnyard grass and winter cherry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of canary grass. Sorghum however exhibited least suppressive or in some cases stimulatory effects on canary grass. Plants revealing strong allelopathic potential can be utilized to derive natural herbicides for weed control.

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