Genetics of Gibberella fujikuroi. II. Natural occurrence and significance of heterokaryosis in sorghum isolates

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3314-3319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmel S. Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Colony Color ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Natural Media

Of all the stalk rot fungi, Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. (anamorph stage Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) was most frequently isolated from naturally infected, symptomless sorghum plants. Phenotypically distinct isolates of G. fujikuroi were recovered. This variability is ascribed to heterokaryosis. The homokaryotic components of the most frequently recovered heterokaryons found at a given growth stage were identified on the basis of colony color, texture, growth rate, and sporulation. Nuclear ratios were determined to confirm the presence and stability of heterokaryons. Natural and laboratory-induced heterokaryons were compared on synthetic and natural media, prepared from plant tissue, for stability and other attributes. The occurrence of different heterokaryons at different growth stages suggests genetic adaptation and a possible role of heterokaryosis in generating and maintaining natural variability in this fungus.

Genetics of Gibberella fujikuroi. III. Significance of heterokaryosis in naturally occurring corn isolates

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3320-3325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmel S. Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Corn Plant ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Colony Color ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Among the stalk rot fungal organisms, Gibberella fujikuroi (Saw.) Wn. (conidial anamorph Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) was abundant in naturally infected com plants. Numerous phenotypically different isolates of F. moniliforme were recovered from the host. Some of these isolates formed heterokaryons more frequently in a given stage of plant growth. Frequently occurring heterokaryons were termed major and became the subject of this report. The component homokaryons exhibited differences in colony color, texture, growth rate, and sporulation. Based on these differences, ratios of two homokaryons recovered from a single representative of each of the four major heterokaryons were found to be balanced. Representative natural and laboratory-induced heterokaryons were compared for stability and balance of nuclear ratios on MM and SRM (stalk residue medium). Different heterokaryons predominated at different growth stages of the corn plant indicating preferential adaptation. Possible role of these heterokaryons in generating and maintaining natural variability was evaluated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rice Responses to the Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae at Different Growth Stages

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinglong Chen ◽  
Yulin Jia ◽  
Bo Ming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most damaging disease for rice worldwide. However, the reactions of rice to M. oryzae at different growth stages are largely unknown. In the present study, two temperate japonica rice cultivars, M-202 and Nipponbare, were inoculated synchronously at different vegetative growth stages, V1 to V10. Plants of M-202 at each stage from V1 to reproductive stage R8 were inoculated with M. oryzae race (isolate) IB-49 (ZN61) under controlled conditions. Disease reactions were recorded 7 days postinoculation by measuring the percentage of diseased area of all leaves, excluding the youngest leaf. The results showed that the plants were significantly susceptible at the V1 to V4 stages with a disease severity of 26.7 to 46.8% and disease index of 18.62 to 37.76 for M-202. At the V1 to V2 stages, the plants were significantly susceptible with a disease a severity of 28.6 to 39.3% and disease index of 23.65 to 29.82 for Nipponbare. Similar results were observed when plants of M-202 were inoculated at each growth stage with a disease severity of 29.7 to 60.6% and disease index of 21.93 to 59.25 from V1 to V4. Susceptibility decreased after the V5 stage (severity 4.6% and index 2.17) and became completely resistant at the V9 to V10 stages and after the reproductive stages, suggesting that plants have enhanced disease resistance at later growth stages. These findings are useful for managing rice blast disease in commercial rice production worldwide.

Irrigation of field peas (Pisum sativum): response to timing at different crop growth stages

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. KNOTT
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Different Growth Stages

The response of two cultivars of dry harvest field peas (Pisum sativum), Solara and Bohatyr, to irrigation at different growth stages was studied on light soils overlying sand in Nottinghamshire, England in 1990, when the spring was particularly dry, in 1991 which had a dry spring and summer and in contrast, 1992, when rainfall was greater compared with the long-term (40 year) mean.Solara, short haulmed and semi-leafless was more sensitive to drought than the tall conventional-leaved cultivar Bohatyr and gave a greater yield response to irrigation, particularly at the vegetative growth stage in the first two dry years 1990 and 1991, of 108% and 55% respectively, compared with unirrigated plots. Bohatyr was less sensitive to the timing of single applications.In all years, peas irrigated throughout on several occasions produced the highest yields, but this was the least efficient use of water.

Nutrient digestibility of alfalfa at different growth stages on sheep and goat

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
M. M. Moeini ◽  
M. Souri ◽  
F. Hozabri ◽  
M. R. Sanjabi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Different Growth Stages

The nutritive values of animal feed are dependents on plant species, stages of maturity, harvesting and preparation methods. Legumes provide maximum yield, high forage quality (protein, mineral and digestible energy). Legumes decrease in protein and digestible dry matter and increase in fibre as they increase in growth or in maturity (Hochensmith et al., 1997). Alfalfa (medica sativa) is world unique forage in livestock food. This study was conducted to examine the chemical composition and nutrient digestibility of Hamadanian alfalfa forage at different growth stage on two local Iranian sheep and goat breeds.

scholarly journals Salmonella in healthy pigs: prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance observed during 1998–1999 and 2004–2005 in Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. FUTAGAWA-SAITO ◽  
S. HIRATSUKA ◽  
M. KAMIBEPPU ◽  
T. HIROSAWA ◽  
K. OYABU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Different Growth Stages

SUMMARYTo determine prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in healthy pigs, faecal samples from 6771 pigs on 73 farms collected during 1998–1999 and 2004–2005 were examined. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, fradiomycin, colistin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Farm-level and pig-level Salmonella prevalences were 35·5% and 2·2% in 1998–1999, and 35·7% and 3·3% in 2004–2005. Prevalence by growth stage was 2·4% for sows, 3·3% for weaned pigs, 2·7% for fattening pigs and 3·8% for finishing pigs. The predominant serotypes identified were Agona (28·4%), Typhimurium (17·9%) and Infantis (16·4%) in 1998–1999, and Typhimurium (32·5%), Anatum (24·6%) and Infantis (13·5%) in 2004–2005. Compared with the 1998–1999 isolates, the 2004–2005 isolates showed significantly higher rates of resistance to all the antimicrobials except tetracyclines (P<0·01 to P<0·05) and resistance to ⩾2 antimicrobials [19·4% (13/67) vs. 39·7% (50/126), P<0·01]. This study provides national estimates of Salmonella prevalence in healthy pigs of different growth stages in Japan.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Durations of Water-Logging at Different Growth Stages on Seed Yield of Sesame

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p68
Author(s):  
M. H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In Bangladesh, sesame suffers from water-logging during its growing period. Multi-year and multi-location field trials were carried out to study the effect of different durations of water-logging at different growth stages on seed yield of sesame. From two years results, it is revealed that the effects of water-logging during a particular growth stage or particular duration of water-logging on seed yield depends on pre- and/or post water-logging from the rainfall. Differential effects of the cultivars were also observed. The cultivar Binatil-2 and Binatil-3 showed reasonable seed yield under water-logging at flowering and mid pod-formation stages for 24 to36 hours.

scholarly journals Changes in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Salvia Limbata C.A. Mey at Different Growth Stages and Altitudes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Saffariha ◽  
Hossein Azarnivand ◽  
Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki ◽  
Ali Tavili ◽  
Samad Nejad Ebrahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract BackgroundThe present study investigates the effect of growth stage (vegetative, flowering and seed ripening) and altitude (1500, 2000 and 2500 m above sea level) on the content and chemical composition of S. limbata essential oil which belongs to Lamiaceae family.ResultsAccording to the oil analysis, 28 components representing 96.5% to 99.7% of the total volatile oil composition were characterized. The main compounds of S. limbata oils were α-pinene (14.7-38.7%), β-pinene (12.5-26.2%), allo-aromadendrene (9.2-21.7%), germacrene D (4.2-8.3%), bicyclogermacrene (6.5-14.5 %), and spathulenol (7.5-25.4 %).DiscussionThe obtained results showed that the content and constituents of S. limbata essential oil strongly depend on the growth stage and altitude. Our findings revealed that the vegetative stage at 1500 m is the optimal harvest time to obtain the highest content of oil yield. Results of the current study helps to find the optimum situation to gain the highest content of S. limbata essential oil but more researches are needed.

scholarly journals Distribution of radioactive products of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sihestris L.) seedlings during the first vegetation season

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-553
Author(s):  
Igor Góral
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Vegetation Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Products ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Needle Growth

Dynamics of translocation and distribution of radioactive photosynthetic products in one year old pine (<i>P. silvestris</i> L.) seedlings was investigated at different growth stages. It was found that the utilization of photosynthetic products in particular organs depends greatly on the growth stage. Loses of photosynthetic products as a result of respiration were the smallest at the stage of intensive needle growth and the greatest at the stage of approaching dormancy.

Growth Trajectories of SMEs and the Sensemaking of IT Risks

2010 ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Arvind Karunakaran ◽  
Jingwen He ◽  
Sandeep Purao ◽  
Brian Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Role Of Information

Our case will describe two small to medium enterprises which are located within the same region and sharing the broad industry sector but at a different ‘growth stage’ perceive the role of Information Systems differently. We describe how these two firms, at different growth stages and at different levels of maturity with respect to their information systems, perceive the usefulness of information systems differently. We extend the interpretations to discuss sub-sections within SMEs, which are at different stages of growth, and how the nature of information systems’ risks is likely to differ depending on these growth stages. We emphasize the importance of owner/manager’s “sensemaking of risks” as a key variable that influences the demarcation between entrepreneurs and small business owners, beyond the oft-discussed variables such as “achievement motivation,” “risk-taking propensity,” and “preference for innovation.” We conclude with the proposition that SMEs should not be considered as unitary entities; and suggest that there are likely to be different varieties of risks that SMEs face, and suggest the growth stage and organizational filters as key determinants of the owner/managers’ understanding of these risks.

scholarly journals Role of Flag Leaf and Spike Emergence Stage on the Incidence of Karnal Bunt in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1368-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kumar ◽  
S. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
A Site

Removal of the flag leaf of wheat, earlier hypothesized to act as a site where secondary sporidia of Tilletia indica multiply and conjugate, reduced the severity of Karnal bunt. Evidence reported here suggests that sporidia reach the flag leaf from the soil by splashing, multiply on the surface of the flag leaf, and move with rain water or dew into the boot of the flag leaf to cause infection of the spikelets. Plants in growth stage 49 (first awns visible) were more vulnerable to infection by secondary sporidia than were plants at other growth stages. At growth stage 49, the flag leaf lamina was fully opened, compared with its preceding stages, which had tubular and closed lamina. Also, leaf posture of the flag leaf at growth stage 49 is erect and thus may facilitate movement of sporidial inoculum into the boot. Upon completion of stage 49, the flag leaf becomes droopy, leading to lesser inoculum movement into the emerging spike. Thus, maximum success can be achieved in artificial creation of Karnal bunt by inoculating with secondary sporidia before onset of growth stage 49. Genotypes whose maturity avoids coincidence of this critical stage of spike emergence with periods of weather favorable for infection by T. indica may be selected for resistance breeding.

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