Internal hyphae in young, symptomless needles of Picea abies: electron microscopic and cultural investigation

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2098-2103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Suske ◽  
Georg Acker
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Spruce Needles ◽  
Host Tissues ◽  
Scanning Electron

Results from cultural investigations were correlated with scanning electron microscope observations and give an introduction to the interaction of endophytic hyphae of Lophodermium piceae (Fckl.) Höhn. and other fungi with living tissues of green, symptomless needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). The frequency of endophytic needle fungi was determined by the culture of surface-sterilized needles harvested from two trees. Lophodermium piceae was found to be the most important colonizer of symptomless needles; the infection rates ranged from about 3 to 7%. The presence of fungal hyphae in living needle tissues of symptomless, current year and older Norway spruce needles was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The observed mycelia were both intercellular and intracellular. The hyphal diameters varied significantly and striking swellings of unknown function were observed along internal hyphae. The observed needle colonization is discussed in connection with the spreading of fungal endophytes in the host tissues during the endophytic phase of L. piceae in Norway spruce needles.

Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum. II. Infection of woody roots

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Heneen ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
K. Brismar ◽  
G. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Inner Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

Woody roots, 2 – 4 mm in diameter, of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S strain of Heterobasidion annosum. After 8 – 20 days the roots were prepared for examination by light microscopy as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The roots had one or several periderms and sometimes remnant cortex cells on the surface. The fungal infection was restricted to the remnant cortex cells and the rhytidome after an incubation period of 20 days. Accumulation of granular materials, most likely phenolic in nature, prevailed in the infected periderm cells. Fungal hyphae enclosed in these materials showed signs of degeneration. Based on these results, we conclude that the rhytidome acts as a successful barrier to infection of the inner parts of the root for at least 20 days following inoculation with H. annosum. Both structural and chemical defence mechanisms are involved. Key words: Norway spruce, Heterobasidion annosum, root infection, woody roots, microscopy.

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity In Norway Spruce Needles: Effects Of Air Pollutants Under Controlled Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 502-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartwig Hohlfeld ◽  
Cornelius Lütz ◽  
Dieter Strack
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Spruce Needles

The effect of mixtures of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3) on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) activities from needles of four-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in closed fumigation chambers were analyzed. Three months exposure to high concentrations of O3 (1030 µg/m3) together with SO2 (1030 µg/m3) or NO2 (615 µg/m3) resulted in a dramatic increase in PEPCase activities

Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigations of Surface Treated Large-Bore Catheters Used for Extracorporeal Detoxification Methods

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bambauer ◽  
R. Schiel ◽  
P. Mestres ◽  
P. Sioshansi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Typical complications caused by surface properties of synthetic catheter implants are infection, thrombosis, and stenosis. New methods for surface modification with the aim of reducing such complications are ion beam-based technologies. In our study 109 large-bore catheters without (n = 42) and with treated surfaces with silver (n = 39) or silicone (n = 28) were inserted into the interna jugular and the subclavian veins and were used for extracorporeal detoxification methods. After removal, the catheters were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and for bacterial colonization. In 42 large-bore catheters without surface treatment deposits of fibrin, protein and blood cells were seen on the inner and outer surface. Bacterial colonization was observed In 38.1%. In contrast, the catheters with treated outer surfaces showed a very low thrombogenecity and a low contamination rate of 8.9%. The ion beam-based technologies reduce the thrombogenicity and infection rates of the catheter surfaces. In comparison to catheters without treated surfaces, catheters with surface treatment are good alternatives in blood contacting applications ranging from hemodialysis to oncology

Identification of endophytic hyphae of Lophodermium piceae in tissues of green, symptomless Norway spruce needles by immunoelectron microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1768-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Suske ◽  
Georg Acker
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Immunogold Labeling ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Hyphal Sheath ◽  
Spruce Needles

Antiserum specific for Lophodermium piceae hyphae was obtained by absorbing a rabbit L. piceae antiserum with hyphal material of different fungal isolates. The specificity of this absorbed antiserum was tested with hyphae of endophytic fungi isolated from green, asymptomatic needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) using the on-section immunogold labeling technique. With this specific, absorbed antiserum, a homogenous labeling was obtained with cultured hyphae of L. piceae, whereas all other spruce needle endophytes examined remained practically unlabeled. Insignificant cross-reactivity was also observed with needle tissues. The absorbed antiserum was then applied for the immunoelectron microscopical identification of L. piceae hyphae in situ in infected tissues of green, asymptomatic Norway spruce needles. The function of papillalike structures observed in infected needle mesophyll as well as the role of the hyphal sheath surrounding endophytic L. piceae hyphae are discussed in connection with the interaction between L. piceae and asymptomatic Norway spruce needles.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds in Needles of Norway Spruce Trees in Relation to Novel Forest Decline. II. Studies on Trees from Two Sites in Middle Western Germany

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Richter ◽  
Aloysius Wild
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Tree Damage ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Spruce Needles

Abstract The content of several phenolic compounds in needles of 20- to 30-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) was measured using HPLC. The results of two forestry sites in middle western Germany are reported in this paper. They are part of a research programme on novel forest decline which was carried out in various regions of Germany. Distinct amounts of picein, catechin, piceatannol glucoside, and other phenolic compounds were detected in the studied spruce needles. Additionally, their contents changed in relation to damage. Some compounds, especially catechin, showed increased levels in the needles of the damaged trees compared to the undamaged ones. Here, the values for the undamaged trees of the different sites were similar. Concerning the changes in picein contents, however, there was a great difference between the sites. p-Hydroxyacetophenone was detected in very low amounts only and did not correlate with damage.These results are compared with earlier findings from another site that shows severe damage. The role of phenolic compounds as indicators of tree damage is discussed.

scholarly journals Induced wound response of Norway spruce Picea abies P. Karst. after artificial inoculation by imagoes of Ips typographus

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Novotný ◽  
R. Mrkva
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Vascular Pathogens ◽  
Host Tissues ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Inoculation experiments were carried out on a set of trees with imagoes of Ips typographus L. which origin from the Šumava Mts. and the Křtiny Training Enterprise. The objective of back inoculations was to determine whether species found on the surface of Ips typographus imagoes spread after the inoculation also through host tissues. It the vicinity of inoculation by Ips typographus imagoes, marked necrotic zones are evident including symptoms of the penetration of vascular pathogens through phloem and sapwood. The most marked reactions were observed in case of inoculation by an untreated Ips typographus imago. Treatment of Ips typographus imagoes by Ibefungin and Fundazol preparations did not demonstrate expected effects in full scale. The spores of several ophiostomoid fungi like Ceratocystis polonica (Siem.) C. Moreau were observed on the surface of bark beetles and at the same time were re-isolated from wounds inoculated by Ips typographus imagoes. The other fungi like Ophiostoma bicolor Davidson & Wells, Leptographium cf. lundbergii Lagerberg & Melin., Pezicula eucrita Karst., Phomopsis sp. and other were found in wounds with the imagoes artificial infection.    

scholarly journals Light and temperature, but not UV radiation, affect chlorophylls and carotenoids in Norway spruce needles (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1169-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-D. KIRCHGEßNER ◽  
K. REICHERT ◽  
K. HAUFF ◽  
R. STEINBRECHER ◽  
J.-P. SCHNITZLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Spruce Needles

scholarly journals Eradication of endophytes from needles, their inoculation with Lophodermium piceae and persistence of this fungus in needles of Norway spruce

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 981-992
Author(s):  
Michael M. Müller ◽  
Leena Hamberg
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Spruce Needles

AbstractLophodermium piceae is the most common endophyte of Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles, and it probably occurs in the total distribution area of Norway spruce. Its significance to the host tree is still largely unknown mainly because no methodology is known for generating endophyte-free saplings nor for inoculation of intact needles with this fungus. We report here how a daily heat treatment at 40 °C for 8 h eradicates endophytes of Norway spruce needles within a few days without causing visible harm to the plants. We compared various methods for inoculation of endophyte-free saplings. In order to obtain effective inocula, we investigated what factors activate dormant L. piceae infections in the needle tissue resulting in ascomata formation. Best inoculation success was achieved by suspending naturally shed, highly infected needles above the saplings. Infection frequencies of up to 70% of needles were achieved with repeated inoculations in the course of 3 years. Once established in needles, individual infections by L. piceae can persist for at least 5 years. Individual infections remain small in young needles, but at a needle age of 6 years, they start to grow and spread resulting in presence all over the needle from base to tip at a needle age of 7 years, but still without causing visible symptoms on the needles. The presented methodology for generating both endophyte-free and endophyte-infected saplings of Norway spruce provides a new approach for testing the significance of infections by L. piceae to insect herbivory and diseases of Norway spruce needles.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Cell Surface

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 36-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toichiro Kuwabara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Biological Application ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Surface Appearance ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
True Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Although scanning electron microscopy has a great potential in biological application, there are certain limitations in visualization of the biological structure. Satisfactory techniques to demonstrate natural surfaces of the tissue and the cell have been reported by several investigators. However, it is commonly found that the surface cell membrane is covered with a minute amount of mucin, secretory substance or tissue fluid as physiological, pathological or artefactual condition. These substances give a false surface appearance, especially when the tissue is fixed with strong fixatives. It seems important to remove these coating substances from the surface of the cell for demonstration of the true structure.

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