A rapid technique using epoxy resin Quetol 651 to prepare woody plant tissues for ultrastructural study

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Abad ◽  
K. R. Cease ◽  
R. A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Ultrastructural Observation ◽  
Rapid Preparation ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Media ◽  
A New Technique

A new technique was evaluated for rapid preparation of woody plant tissues for transmission electron microscopy. A low-viscosity medium formulation was developed using a water-soluble epoxy resin, Quetol 651. No dehydrating solvents were needed during preparation. Samples from living trees and xylary tissues of sound and decayed wood were studied to assess the quality of the media and embedding techniques. Infiltration, preservation of ultrastructural detail, sectioning qualities, and staining of the wood samples were found to be very good. The technique provided a fast, reliable method for preparing wood samples for ultrastructural observation.

scholarly journals A Method for Preparing Difficult Plant Tissues for Light and Electron Microscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peta L. Clode
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
Very High

AbstractAlthough the advent of microwave technologies has both improved and accelerated tissue processing for microscopy, there still remain many limitations in conventional chemical fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning, particularly with regard to plant materials. The Proteaceae, a family of plants widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere and well adapted to harsh climates and nutrient-poor soils, is a perfect example; the complexity of Proteaceae leaves means that almost no ultrastructural data are available as these are notoriously difficult to both infiltrate and section. Here, a step-by-step protocol is described that allows for the successful preparation ofBanksia prionotes(Australian Proteaceae) leaves for both light and transmission electron microscopy. The method, which applies a novel combination of vibratome sectioning, microwave processing and vacuum steps, and the utilization of an ultra low viscosity resin, results in highly reproducible, well-preserved, sectionable material from which very high-quality light and electron micrographs can be obtained. With this, cellular ultrastructure from the level of a leaf through to organelle substructure can be studied. This approach will be widely applicable, both within and outside of the plant sciences, and can be readily adapted to meet specific sample requirements and imaging needs.

scholarly journals AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF LIPID- AND WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS: A NEW APPROACH

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH R. WILSKE ◽  
RUSSELL ROSS ◽  
Leslie E. Caldwell ◽  
Dawn E. Bockus
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Tissue Section ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Media

An approach to the localization of isotopically labelled lipid-soluble and water-soluble substances by autoradiography is presented. Previous attempts to retain such substances in situ in tissues have often been unsuccessful due to diffusion in the media involved in tissue preparation; and at the interface between the emulsion and the tissue section. Rats were given estradiol-H3 and aspirin-H3 as representatives of lipid-soluble and partially water-soluble compounds. After removal, tissues were quick frozen, frozen-dried, fixed in the vapor phase with osmium tetroxide or paraformaldehyde and vacuum embedded in Epon. One-micron sections were coated with emulsion and subsequently developed. Discrete localization of isotope was seen in autoradiographs. Data is presented to demonstrate the marked solubility of these compounds in the media used for routine fixation and dehydration, in contrast to their insolubility in epoxy resin. These findings present an opportunity for the cellular localization of numerous compounds by autoradiography that heretofore has not been possible.

scholarly journals Chitosan nanoparticles as a new technique in gene transformation into different plants tissues

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Tawfik ◽  
Mohamed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Gene Transformation ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Uida Gene ◽  
Paulownia Tomentosa ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
A New Technique

The utilization of chitosan nanoparticles is a novel technique for gene transformation into plant tissues. It takes a few minutes to transform gene to plant. UidA gene was detected in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (K12 strain) using polymerase chain reaction analysis by UidA-specific primers. The gene was transformed into the explants of two different plant species (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> and <i>Paulownia tomentosa</i>). These plants have different natures as crop and woody plants respectively. Therefore, they have different abilities to express the UidA gene. The gene is expressed into blue color in plant tissues due to the formation and expression of the GUS enzyme. The transformation of the UidA gene was detected morphologically by the formation of blue color; and molecular using PCR. Chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by UV/Visible spectroscope and photographing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). As a result of this research, it is suggested that chitosan nanoparticles be used in gene transformation into plant tissues. Because it is safe, quick, and inexpensive, as well as biocompatible and biodegradable.

Cuticular Ridges in a Mite

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 356-357
Author(s):  
John H. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
Scanning Electron

Many species of arachnids possess cuticular ridges, the function of which is not known. In the present investigation the structural properties of the ridges in a Trombidiform mite, Panonychus citri were studied, with a view towards discovering the function of the ridges.For scanning electron microscopy the animals were mounted on metal pos s previously coated with conducting silver paint. Best results were obtained by examining live animals, mounted on the posts immediately before examination. For transmission electron microscopy the animals were fixed in cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium, embedded in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin, and sectioned on diamond knives.

Cuticular Pores in a Marine Mite

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
John H. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Scanning Electron

Several species of marine mites are known to possess elaborate cuticular pores, the function of which is not known (Newell, 1947). In the present investigation the fine structure of the cuticular pores in a Halacarid mite, Copidognathus curtusi was studied, with a view towards discovering the function of the pores.For scanning electron microscopy the animals were fixed in cacodylatebuffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium, and freeze-dried. For transmission electron microscopy they were fixed as above, embedded in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin, and sectioned on diamond knives.C. curtusi was chosen for study because of the abundance of pores in its cuticle.

Techniques for cryoultramicrotomy of propane jet frozen biological samples

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
B. Craig ◽  
L. Hawkey ◽  
A. LeFurgey
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Chick Heart ◽  
Embryonic Chick Heart ◽  
A New Technique

Ultra-rapid freezing followed by cryoultramicrotomy is essential for the preservation of diffusible elements in situ within cells prior to scanning transmission electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. For cells or tissue fragments in suspension and for monolayer cell cultures, propane jet freezing provides cooling rates greater than 30,000°C/sec with regions up to 40μm in thickness free of significant ice crystal formation. While this method of freezing has frequently been applied prior to freeze fracture or freeze substitution, it has not been widely utilized prior to cryoultramicrotomy and subsequent x-ray microanalytical studies. This report describes methods devised in our laboratory for cryosectioning of propane jet frozen kidney proximal tubule suspensions and cultured embryonic chick heart cells, in particular a new technique for mounting frozen suspension specimens for sectioning. The techniques utilize the same specimen supports and sample holders as those used for freeze fracture and freeze substitution and should be generally applicable to any cell suspension or culture preparation.

scholarly journals An Effective Method for Preparation of Liquid Phosphoric Anhydride and Its Application in Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2205
Author(s):  
Qian Li ◽  
Yujie Li ◽  
Yifan Chen ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Siqun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
The Impact

A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.

scholarly journals The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin ◽  
Nejc Stopnisek ◽  
Jos M. Raaijmakers ◽  
Paolina Garbeva
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudate ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Cry For Help ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Plants are faced with various biotic and abiotic stresses during their life cycle. To withstand these stresses, plants have evolved adaptive strategies including the production of a wide array of primary and secondary metabolites. Some of these metabolites can have direct defensive effects, while others act as chemical cues attracting beneficial (micro)organisms for protection. Similar to aboveground plant tissues, plant roots also appear to have evolved “a cry for help” response upon exposure to stress, leading to the recruitment of beneficial microorganisms to help minimize the damage caused by the stress. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microbial recruitment to the plant roots is, at least in part, mediated by quantitative and/or qualitative changes in root exudate composition. Both volatile and water-soluble compounds have been implicated as important signals for the recruitment and activation of beneficial root-associated microbes. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of belowground chemical communication, particularly how stressed plants shape its protective root microbiome.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a thermoresponsive crosslinked MEO2MA polymer coating on microclusters of iron oxide nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Lapresta-Fernández ◽  
Alfonso Salinas-Castillo ◽  
Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Synthesis Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Tetraethylene Glycol ◽  
Critical Solution Temperature ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Azo Initiator

AbstractEncapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4) with a thermopolymeric shell of a crosslinked poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) P(MEO2MA) is successfully developed. Magnetic aggregates of large size, around 150–200 nm are obtained during the functionalization of the iron oxide NPs with vinyl groups by using 3-butenoic acid in the presence of a water soluble azo-initiator and a surfactant, at 70 °C. These polymerizable groups provide a covalent attachment of the P(MEO2MA) shell on the surface of the MNPs while a crosslinked network is achieved by including tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the precipitation polymerization synthesis. Temperature control is used to modulate the swelling-to-collapse transition volume until a maximum of around 21:1 ratio between the expanded: shrunk states (from 364 to 144 nm in diameter) between 9 and 49 °C. The hybrid Fe3O4@P(MEO2MA) microgel exhibits a lower critical solution temperature of 21.9 °C below the corresponding value for P(MEO2MA) (bulk, 26 °C). The MEO2MA coating performance in the hybrid microgel is characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The content of preformed MNPs [up to 30.2 (wt%) vs. microgel] was established by thermogravimetric analysis while magnetic properties by vibrating sample magnetometry.

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