Nutrient availability, dimorphic seed production, and reproductive allocation in the annual grass Amphicarpum purshii

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2514-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Cheplick
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dimorphic Seed ◽  
Disturbed Habitats ◽  
Reproductive Characters

The effect of nutrient addition on dimorphic seed reproduction and biomass allocation was investigated in amphicarpic peanut grass (Amphicarpum purshii Kunth). This annual, which grows in disturbed habitats on the Coastal Plain of eastern North America, produces self-fertilizing cleistogamous spikelets under ground and potentially outcrossing chasmogamous spikelets above ground. For each of three sibling families raised in the greenhouse from aerial seeds, 11 plants were fertilized twice during the growth period while 11 plants received no fertilizer. Total spikelet output and seed weight increased in response to fertilizer addition for both aerial and subterranean reproductive components, but changes were greater for aerial reproduction. Biomass allocation to subterranean spikelets and seeds was unaffected by nutrient addition. As measured by coefficients of variation, phenotypic variation for six aerial reproductive characters was about twice as great as that for six subterranean reproductive characters. Subterranean and aerial seed output were significantly related to shoot biomass for fertilized plants, but only mean aerial seed weight showed a significant relation to biomass when nutrients were not provided. These results support the hypothesis that early subterranean seed production provides reproductive insurance in peanut grass, whereas later aerial reproduction on newly formed tillers allows plants to increase reproductive output at the end of the growing period according to the availability of resources.

EFFECTS OF BRACHYPTEROLUS PULICARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) ON FLOWERING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF COMMON TOADFLAX

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. McClay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Total Seed

AbstractImpact of the flower- and shoot-tip-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.), on growth, flowering, and seed production of common toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill., was investigated using potted plants. Brachypterolus pulicarius had no effect on root or shoot biomass of attacked plants. Adult feeding by B. pulicarius delayed onset of flowering by 27 days relative to controls. Flowering of attacked plants was suppressed from mid-June until mid-July, but by mid-August flowering was similar to that of control plants. Total seed weight, individual seed weight, and percentage germination were all reduced significantly on attacked plants, resulting in a 74% reduction in number of viable seeds produced. Brachypterolus pulicarius is univoltine in Alberta, overwintering mainly as pupae.

Effect of burr burial on seed production of Trifolium subterraneaum subsp. brachycalycinum and other annual legumes

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
WJ Collins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
Seed Yields

On sandy soil near Esperance, W.A., prevention of burr burial compared with covering developing burrs with sand drastically reduced the seed production of three subspp. of Trifolium subterraneum (brachycalycinum, subterraneum and yanninicum) and of T. israeliticum by reducing burr production and seed weight. However, T. globosum produced similar amounts of seed from unburied and buried burrs. On sandy soil at Shenton Park, Perth, W.A., prevention of burr burial also reduced seed production of T. subterraneum subspp. brachycalycinum and subterraneum, this being due to fewer burrs, fewer seeds per burr and lighter seed. For subsp. brachycalycinum, seed yields were two to five times greater from burrs which developed within loose gravel than from those developed over sand (in which fewer burrs were able to bury) as a result of increased production of burrs, more seeds per burr and heavier seed. However, for subsp. subterraneum seed yields were similar from burrs whether developed over gravel or sand.

Warming effects on biomass allocation are jointly regulated by precipitation and mycorrhizal association in terrestrial plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhui Zhou ◽  
Lingyan Zhou ◽  
Yanghui He ◽  
Yuling Fu ◽  
Zhenggang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

Abstract Biomass allocation in plants is fundamental for understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon storage. Recent studies suggest that climate warming can differentially affect root and shoot biomass, and subsequently alter root: shoot ratio. However, warming effects on root: shoot ratio and their underlying drivers at a global scale remain unclear. Using a global synthesis of >300 studies, we here show that warming significantly increases biomass allocation to roots (by 13.1%), and two factors drive this response: mean annual precipitation of the site, and the type of mycorrhizal fungi associated with a plant. Warming-induced allocation to roots is greater in relatively drier habitats compared to shoots (by 15.1%), but lower in wetter sites (by 4.9%), especially for plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Root-biomass responses to warming predominantly determine the biomass allocation in terrestrial plants suggesting that warming can reinforce the importance of belowground resource uptake. Our study highlights that the wetness or dryness of a site and plants’ mycorrhizal associations strongly regulate terrestrial carbon cycle by altering biomass allocation strategies in a warmer world.

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

Inflorescence development and seed production in Lolium spp. × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrids

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cremades ◽  
E. W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Tetraploid Hybrid ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Reproductive Characters

SUMMARYThe reproductive development and seed production characters of a Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid and a Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid were compared with those of their tetraploid parental cultivars. Experiments were carried out under glasshouse and natural conditions; single plants were studied as only small quantities of seed were available from the breeder. The lowtemperature/short-day requirements for inflorescence induction of the two hybrids were in between those of the corresponding parental species. The variance of the date at which vegetative primordia changed to the reproductive condition was greater in the hybrids than in the parental cultivars, but the variance of the dates of inflorescence emergence were similar for the hybrids and parental cultivars. Inflorescences ranged from the Lolium type with only sessile spikelets to the Festuca type with primary branches. Inner glumes, which are absent in the Lolium parents but present in Festuca pratensis, were found in the hybrids, though not in all spikelets. In the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid pollen release, potential pollen viability and floret fertility were low, but the Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis hybrid produced large amounts of pollen with a higher potential viability and had floret fertilities similar to those of its two parental cultivars. There was sufficient variation in reproductive characters for further selection, particularly in the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid.

scholarly journals Análisis de crecimiento de tres especies de Caesalpinia (Leguminosae) de la selva baja caducifolia de Chamela, Jalisco

2017 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Rincón ◽  
Pilar Huante ◽  
Mariana Álvarez-Añorve
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Location Patterns ◽  
Net Assimilation

The objective of this study is to assess the biomass allocation pattern s and growth characteristics of three species of Caesalpinia (Leguminosae) from the highly diverse and seasonal Chamela tropical deciduous forest , where the plant growth period is restricted to the rainy season. The studied species, although they are phylogenetically related, presented different biomass al location patterns and RGR during growth, in order to carry out a differential exploitation of resources and to promote their coexistence. There were differences in relative growth rate (RGR), root to shoot ratio (R/ S), net assimilation rate (E), biomass allocation patterns and total biomass and leaf area attained among the studied species. Caesalpinia eriostachys and C. platyloba showed similar growth patterns between them but contrasting with those of C. sclerocarpa. This suggests a temporal uncuopling of their maximum resource demand. RGR was determined to a greater extent by parameters related with E than by parameters related with the specific leaf area (SLA).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Performances of Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) Genotypes in Agronomy Farm of Lamjung Campus

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-385
Author(s):  
Chandan Bhattarai ◽  
Dinesh Marasini ◽  
Prabin Dawadi ◽  
Sadkishya Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
The Given

Seed to seed production experiments for cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) was conducted at Agronomy farm at IAAS Lamjung, and to compare production potentialities of given cowpea genotypes under the given sets of conditions. The treatment consists of two cowpea varieties viz. Prakash (Standard Check) and Malepatan (Local check) and four genotypes; IT 99K-573-2-1, IT 86F-2062-5, IT 93K-452-1, IT 98K-205-8. The experiment was conducted on RCBD design. .All other activities were carried out according to prepared working calendar almost from August 2016 to December 2016.  Data collection were done for pre-determined growth and other yield parameters and was analyzed using MSTAT. Major parameters were Grain yield, Seeds/plant, Pods/plant, plant height, pod length, harvest index and test weight. Result shows maximum grain yield and harvest index was found for Prakash (Standard Check).Plant height and Pods /Plant was found highest for IT 99K-573-2-1. Similarly highest seed weight was found for Prakash (Standard Check) and Seeds/Plant and Pod length was maximum for IT 86F-2062-5.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(3): 382-385

scholarly journals β-SNAP activity in the outer segment growth period is critical for preventing BNip1-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Nishiwaki ◽  
Ichiro Masai
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bh3 Domain ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Excessive Activation

Abstract BNip1, which functions as a t-SNARE component of the syntaxin18 complex, is localized on the ER membrane and regulates retrograde transport from Golgi to the ER. BNip1 also has a BH3 domain, which generally releases pro-apoptotic proteins from Bcl2-mediated inhibition. Previously we reported that retinal photoreceptors undergo BNip1-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish β-snap1 mutants. Here, we investigated physiological roles of BNip1-dependent photoreceptor apoptosis. First, we examined the spatio-temporal profile of photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants, and found that apoptosis occurs only during a small developmental window, 2–4 days-post-fertilization (dpf), in which an apical photoreceptive membrane structure, called the outer segment (OS), grows rapidly. Transient expression of β-SNAP1 during this OS growing period prevents photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants, enabling cone to survive until at least 21 dpf. These observations suggest that BNip1-mediated apoptosis is linked to excessive activation of vesicular transport associated with rapid growth of the OS. Consistently, knockdown of Ift88 and Kif3b, which inhibits protein transport to the OS, rescued photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants. Treatment with rapamycin, which inhibits protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway, also rescued photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants. These data suggest that BNip1 performs risk assessment to detect excessive vesicular transport in photoreceptors.

scholarly journals Response of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) Root/Shoot Growth to Different Mulching Materials in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Zhenqing Xia ◽  
Yafang Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiquan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

Adaptive highly efficient mulching technologies for use on dryland agricultural ecosystems are crucial to improving crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) under climate change. Little information is available on the effect of using different types of mulch on soil water thermal conditions, or on root/shoot trait, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), yield, and WUE of spring maize. Hence, in this study, white transparent plastic film (WF), black plastic film (BF), and maize straw (MS) was used, and the results were compared with a non-mulched control (CK). The results showed that the mean soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of maize at the 5–15 cm depth under WF and BF was higher than under MS and CK, but under BF, it was 0.6 °C lower than WF. Compared with CK, the average soil water storage (0–200 cm) over the whole growth period of maize was significantly increased under WF, BF, and MS. WF and BF increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stages of maize and significantly increased root/shoot biomass, root volume, LAI, LAD, and yield compared with MS. Higher soil temperatures under WF obviously reduced the duration of maize reproductive growth and accelerated root and leaf senescence, leading to small root/shoot biomass accumulation post-tasseling and to losses in yield compared with BF

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