Études mycologique, entomologique et physico-chimique de troncs de Betula pendula en voie de dégradation. I. Répartition spatiale de l'état physico-chimique et de la mycoflore des troncs

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1657-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Hélène Prince Sigrist ◽  
Daniel Job
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Water Absorption Capacity ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

Decaying Betula pendula Roth trunks (measuring about 6 m in length) with brown rot or white rot were analyzed for the followings: stage of decay, wood structure, porosity, chemical composition of decayed wood, spatial distribution of fungal biomass, and mycoflora diversity. The fungal biomass in the trunks, although heterogeneous, is higher in white rot than in brown rot. As expected, the lignin/holocellulose ratio is higher in brown rot than in white rot (maximum 14.83 versus 0.67). Brown rot is generally more porous than white rot and presents a higher water absorption capacity but it retains less air. The results show that the basidiomycetes mycoflora is active in the white rot decay process. However it is not involved in the brown rot decay process because the wood is already much decayed (as much as 80% and more of lignin content). With the exception of moulds, the only mycoflora that could be isolated repetitively from the brown rot station was in fact pockets of white rot. Moreover, in brown rot, none of the epiflora matched the isolated endoflora. Keywords: white rot, brown rot, mycoflora, biomass.

Myofibrillar cell wall extensions in the hyphal sheath of Postia placenta

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Larsen ◽  
Frederick Green III
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Hyphal Cell ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Glass Cover ◽  
Hyphal Sheath ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Extracellular Structures

Evidence is provided for the existence of linear extracellular fibrillar elements in the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta. These elements appear as structural components of the hyphal sheath and more closely resemble mycofibrils than fungal fimbriae. Mycofibrils are associated with and appear to originate from the hyphal surface when hyphae are grown on wood or inert substrates, such as glass cover slips and polycarbonate filters. These extracellular structures have a nominal diameter of 10–50 nm and are up to 25 μm in length. We conclude that mycofibrils are linear structural extensions of the hyphal cell wall. The precise function of mycofibrils in the brown-rot decay process of wood remains to be elucidated. Key words: Postia placenta, mycofibrils, fungal fimbriae, hyphal sheath, electron microscopy.

Fungal decay of spruce and beech wood assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with uni- and multivariate data analysis

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 680-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Fackler ◽  
Manfred Schwanninger ◽  
Cornelia Gradinger ◽  
Ewald Srebotnik ◽  
Barbara Hinterstoisser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Least Squares Regression

Abstract Wood is colonised and degraded by a variety of micro-organisms, the most efficient ones are wood-rotting basidiomycetes. Microbial decay processes cause damage to wooden constructions, but also have great potential as biotechnological tools to change the properties of wood surfaces and of sound wood. Standard methods to evaluate changes in infected wood, e.g., EN350-1 1994, are time-consuming. Rapid FT-NIR spectroscopic methods are also suitable for this purpose. In this paper, degradation experiments on surfaces of spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and beech (Fagus silvatica L.) were carried out with white rot basidiomycetes or the ascomycete Hypoxylon fragiforme. Experiments with brown rot or soft rot caused by Chaetomium globosum were also performed. FT-NIR spectra collected from the degraded wood were subjected to principal component analysis. The lignin content and mass loss of the specimens were estimated based on univariate or multivariate data analysis (partial least squares regression).

Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Trees ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Notburga Gierlinger ◽  
Dominique Jacques ◽  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Luc E. P�ques ◽  
Manfred Schwanninger
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Larch Species ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Heartwood Extractives

Effects of white rot and brown rot decay on the drilling resistance measurements in wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenii Sharapov ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Elena Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
European Beech ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Drilling Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Drilling Resistance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAn IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the impact of white and brown rot decay on drilling resistance (DR) measurements in wood. In total, 720 drillings were made in specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) heartwood and sapwood, European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) and English oak (Quercus roburL.), which were decayed byConiophora puteanaandTrametes versicolor. Drillings were made with specimens conditioned in normal climate (20°C/65% RH) and with specimens vacuum-impregnated in water. DR and feeding force (FF) were negatively correlated with mass loss (ML) due to fungal decay. The intensity of reduction was higher for DR than for FF with increasing ML for all decay types and moisture contents (MCs). A significant difference (at 95% confidence level) in DR was found between decay types using water-saturated (WS) Scots pine specimens (3–35% ML). In most cases, DR revealed a higher predictive power of the models for ML prediction than FF. Free water in decayed specimens significantly reduced the DR and FF. Hence, the effect of ML on DR and FF of decayed and WS wood was less prominent.

Changes in sorption and electrical properties of wood caused by fungal decay

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Simon Stricker ◽  
Linda Meyer-Veltrup ◽  
Lukas Emmerich
Keyword(s):  
Beech Wood ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
European Beech ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Vapor Sorption ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Dynamic Vapor Sorption

Abstract As wet wood is prone to degradation by wood-destroying fungi, the monitoring of the moisture content (MC) of wood can be used to quantify the risk of fungal infestation. Fungal decay alters the sorption and electrical conductivity of wood, and thus the goal of the present study was to measure the electrical resistance (R) of wood after fungal decay as a function of MC. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) were submitted to decay by Coniophora puteana (a brown rot fungus, BR) and Trametes versicolor (a white rot fungus, WR) and the mass loss (ML) due to the fungal metabolism was measured. The sorption isotherms were determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and comparative gravimetric- and R-based MC measurements were conducted. BR and WR reduced the sorption of wood and lowered its R in the hygroscopic range, where the decay led to an overestimation of wood MC, while wood MC was dramatically underestimated above fiber saturation (FS). Specimens showed an MC well above FS if measured directly after harvesting and an increased R compared to undecayed wood at a given MC. BR-decayed specimens were dried and rewetted, and such specimens showed an elevated R beyond FS. In the case of WR-decayed wood, the R was reduced at a given MC.

Decomposition and change in N and organic composition of small-diameter Douglas-fir woody debris over 23 years

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1153-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Preston ◽  
J.A. Trofymow ◽  
J.R. Nault
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic Composition ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

Managing second-growth forests for multiple benefits requires enhanced information on decomposition of woody debris generated during forestry operations. Experimental thinning and biomass sampling at the Shawnigan Lake Research Forest on southern Vancouver Island facilitated retrospective sampling of Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stem sections (4.9–21.5 cm diameter) from 0 to 23 years after cutting. A sigmoidal pattern of density loss was observed, while a single-exponential fit gave a decay rate (k) of 0.058 year–1. Initial N concentrations were higher in bark than in sapwood and heartwood, and all increased during decay, while C/N ratios declined to around 175 for wood and 70 for bark. Nitrogen contents initially increased but tended to decline after about 50% C loss. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed little change in organic composition, consistent with white-rot fungal decay, with only a few 19-year samples showing large increases in lignin typical of extensive brown-rot decay. Hydrolyzable monosaccharides of wood and bark were dominated by glucose followed by mannose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose. For wood, the mole fraction of mannose decreased with decomposition, whereas those of glucose, arabinose, and galactose increased slightly and that of xylose remained constant for both brown and white rot. Our results support indications that decomposition of smaller diameter woody debris from managed conifer forests will likely be dominated by white-rot fungi, leaving residues high in cellulose rather than in lignin.

Fungal biodegradation of genetically modified and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Giles ◽  
Ilona Peszlen ◽  
Perry Peralta ◽  
Hou-Min Chang ◽  
Roberta Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
G Ratio

AbstractBetter access to wood carbohydrates as a result of reduced, or altered, lignin is a goal of biopulping, as well as biofuel research. In the present article, woods from three transgenic trees and one wild-type quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) were analyzed in terms of mass loss of cellulose and lignin after incubation with lignocellulolytic fungi. The transgenic trees had reduced lignin content through transfer of an antisense -4CL gene, elevated syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio through insertion of a sense CAld5H gene and low lignin content and elevated S/G ratio through simultaneous insertion of -4CL and CAld5H genes, respectively. The lignocellulolytic fungi employed were a lignin-selective white rot fungusCeriporiopsis subvermispora, a simultaneous white rot fungusTrametes versicolorand a brown rot fungusPostia placenta. Reduced lignin degradation was observed in woods with increased S/G ratios indicating that this analytical feature influences decay resistance, regardless of the fungal decay mechanism.

Decomposition, δ13C, and the “lignin paradox”

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Preston ◽  
J. A. Trofymow ◽  
L. B. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

The natural abundance of 13C (δ13C) generally increases with decomposition of organic matter. This is contrary to the expected decrease, as lignin is hypothesized to accumulate relative to isotopically heavier cellulose. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that 13C depletion should be observed for gymnosperm logs that typically develop advanced brown-rot decay with high lignin content. With increasing lignin concentration [previously determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], δ13C tended to become more negative for samples of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, and unidentified species from Coastal Forest Chronosequence sites of southern Vancouver Island. For a larger sample set without NMR analysis, δ13C was significantly more depleted for the highest decay classes, and total C was negatively correlated with δ13C, consistent with the higher total C of lignin than of cellulose. Relationships of total C and δ13C with density were much weaker. We discuss causes for the variability of δ13C in coarse woody debrisfrom these sites, and how the apparent paradox in the predicted change of δ13C with decomposition is largely due to the confusion of lignin, the biopolymer produced by higher plants, with the acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) of the proximate analysis procedure commonly used to assess litter quality in decomposition studies. Key words: Coarse woody debris, decomposition, lignin, 13C NMR, δ13C, proximate analysis

scholarly journals Polyporales Brown Rot Species Fomitopsis pinicola: Enzyme Activity Profiles, Oxalic Acid Production, and Fe3+-Reducing Metabolite Secretion

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. e02662-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Shah ◽  
Tuulia Mali ◽  
Taina K. Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

ABSTRACT Basidiomycota fungi in the order Polyporales are specified to decomposition of dead wood and woody debris and thereby are crucial players in the degradation of organic matter and cycling of carbon in the forest ecosystems. Polyporales wood-decaying species comprise both white rot and brown rot fungi, based on their mode of wood decay. While the white rot fungi are able to attack and decompose all the lignocellulose biopolymers, the brown rot species mainly cause the destruction of wood polysaccharides, with minor modification of the lignin units. The biochemical mechanism of brown rot decay of wood is still unclear and has been proposed to include a combination of nonenzymatic oxidation reactions and carbohydrate-active enzymes. Therefore, a linking approach is needed to dissect the fungal brown rot processes. We studied the brown rot Polyporales species Fomitopsis pinicola by following mycelial growth and enzyme activity patterns and generating metabolites together with Fenton-promoting Fe3+-reducing activity for 3 months in submerged cultures supplemented with spruce wood. Enzyme activities to degrade hemicellulose, cellulose, proteins, and chitin were produced by three Finnish isolates of F. pinicola. Substantial secretion of oxalic acid and a decrease in pH were notable. Aromatic compounds and metabolites were observed to accumulate in the fungal cultures, with some metabolites having Fe3+-reducing activity. Thus, F. pinicola demonstrates a pattern of strong mycelial growth leading to the active production of carbohydrate- and protein-active enzymes, together with the promotion of Fenton biochemistry. Our findings point to fungal species-level “fine-tuning” and variations in the biochemical reactions leading to the brown rot type of wood decay.IMPORTANCE Fomitopsis pinicola is a common fungal species in boreal and temperate forests in the Northern Hemisphere encountered as a wood-colonizing saprotroph and tree pathogen, causing a severe brown rot type of wood degradation. However, its lignocellulose-decomposing mechanisms have remained undiscovered. Our approach was to explore both the enzymatic activities and nonenzymatic Fenton reaction-promoting activities (Fe3+ reduction and metabolite production) by cultivating three isolates of F. pinicola in wood-supplemented cultures. Our findings on the simultaneous production of versatile enzyme activities, including those of endoglucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, chitinase, and acid peptidase, together with generation of low pH, accumulation of oxalic acid, and Fe3+-reducing metabolites, increase the variations of fungal brown rot decay mechanisms. Furthermore, these findings will aid us in revealing the wood decay proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic activities of this ecologically important forest fungal species.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Abu Cangkang dan Serat Kelapa Sawit dari Boiler untuk Pembuatan Bata Beton Ringan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Haspiadi Haspiadi ◽  
Kurniawaty Kurniawaty
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Water Absorption Capacity ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Oil Fuel

Research of  the utilization solid waste of palm oil fuel ash from boiler as row materials  for manufacturing light concrete brick has been conducted. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential use solid waste of palm oil fuel ash from palm oil mill boilers as row materials for manufacturing light concrete brick has recently attracted for an alternative environmentally sustainable application. In this study, light concrete brick made with various proportions of palm oil fuel ash from palm oil mill boilers and sand were fabricated and studied under laboratory scales. Percentage of palm oil fuel ash of 0% as a control,  10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, replacement  sand, wheras others materials such as Portland cement, lime, gypsum, foaming agent and aluminium with the numbers constant. The quality of light concreate brick   were applied followed by the compressive strength test, density and water absorption capacity. The study discovered that the compressive strength for all composition meet the recommended value to light structural of 6.89 MPa as prescribed in SNI 03-3449-2002. In the same manner density of light concrete brick for all proportion under the maximum density recommended value of 1400 Kg/m3 according to SNI 03-3449-2002. While water absorption capacity of increased by the increasing use of ashes. Therefore, palm oil fuel ash from boiler can be used as raw material for the light concrete brick which is  environmental friendly because using solid waste and also an alternative handling solid waste.ABSTRAKPenelitian pemanfaatan limbah padat abu cangkang dan serat kelapa sawit dari boiler sebagai bahan baku pembuatan bata beton ringan telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan limbah padat abu boiler berbahan bakar cangkang dan serat sebagai bahan pembuatan bata beton ringan sebagai salah satu alternatif pengelolaan lingkungan yang bekelanjutan. Dalam penelitian ini, bata beton ringan dibuat dengan berbagai komposisi abu boiler dan pasir yang diproduksi dalam  skala laboratorium. Persentase dari abu berturut-turut 0% sebagai kontrol, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% dan 60% mensubtitusi pasir, sedangkan bahan lain yaitu semen, kapur, gypsum,  foaming  agent serta aluminium pasta dengan jumlah tetap. Mutu bata beton ringan yang diujikan adalah kuat tekan, bobot jenis dan daya serap air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan untuk semua komposisi memenuhi batas minimum yang dipersyaratkan untuk stuktural ringan yaitu 6,89 MPa sesuai SNI 03-3449-2002. Demikian pula bobot jenis dari bata ringan yang dihasilkan masih dibawah dari batas maksimum yang direkomendasikan SNI 03-3449-2002 yaitu maksimal 1400 Kg/m3. Sedangkan daya serap air mengalami kenaikan dengan naiknya jumlah abu yang digunakan . Limbah padat abu boiler berbahan bakar cangkang dan serat sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan bata beton ringan yang ramah lingkungan dengan memanfaatkan limbah dan menjadi salah satu alternatif pengelolaan limbah. Kata kunci :  Abu cangkang kelapa sawit,  bata beton ringan, bobot jenis,  daya serap air,  limbah,  kuat tekan

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document