scholarly journals Understory species and functional diversity in a chronosequence of jack pine and red pine stands in the south-central boreal forest

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Park ◽  
Corey Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Understory Species ◽  
South Central ◽  
Litter Cover ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Pine Stands

Dominant tree species and anthropogenic disturbances influence understory taxonomic diversity (TD) and species traits (functional diversity, FD) in managed forests. We compared understory TD and FD in managed jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations. Understory herbs, grasses, shrubs, and nonvascular species were assessed in 1 m2 quadrats on two perpendicular line transects. Data were analyzed using generalised least squares regression, and multivariate fourth corner and RLQ analyses. Although there were few differences in understory species communities, red pine plantations appeared to impose weak environmental filters on TD in ways that were absent from the jack pine stands. Taxonomic diversity declined with age in red pine but not in jack pine, and may have been affected by the accumulation of litter cover in red pine stands. Although vegetation cover was lower in red pine than in jack pine, species richness on a percent cover basis was greater, and saturated at high cover levels in jack pine. Functional richness and evenness were unaffected by overstory species, but high litter cover favoured higher values of functional divergence. These results imply that there was a high level of functional redundancy among species for the suite of traits that we analyzed.

Estimation de la production de jeunes plantations de pin rouge et de pin gris du sud du Québec

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Bolghari
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
South Shore ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
St Lawrence River

Multiple regression equations have been developed to predict yield from young red pine and jack pine plantations. Data from 446 sample plots representing young red pine and jack pine stands located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River between Quebec and Montreal were analysed. The red pine plantation yielded more than the jack pine. However, in plantation both species yield more than in natural stands. Taking into account the age and spacing of the sampled plantations, the equation obtained can provide information on yield of red pine and jack pine stands the maximum spacing of which is 3 × 3 m, up to the age of 45 and 35 years respectively. The equations will allow the construction of preliminary yield tables for both species.

scholarly journals Seasonal Analysis of Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Poneromorph Ant Assemblages in the Amazon Forest

Sociobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Priscila de Carvalho Pereira ◽  
Fábio Souto Almeida ◽  
André Barbosa Vargas ◽  
Marcel Santos de Araújo ◽  
Antônio José Mayhé-Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Seasonal Analysis ◽  
Ant Diversity ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The present study aimed at assessing the effects of climate seasonality on poneromorph ants in the Brazilian Amazon, by studying variations in composition, richness, and taxonomic and functional diversity. The study was carried out in the Tapirapé-Aquiri National Forest, southeastern Pará State. We collected poneromorph ants in three areas of native forest with pitfall traps and sardine baits on the ground and vegetation, in two dry and rainy seasons. We collected 46 species of poneromorph ants, which belong to two subfamilies and eleven genera. The species composition, richness and taxonomic diversity did not vary significantly between seasons. There was no significant difference in the frequency of species of functional groups between dry and rainy seasons. There was no significant difference in the average richness and average diversity of functional groups between the dry and rainy seasons. In our study we found no seasonal differences in composition, taxonomic and functional richness and diversity of poneromorph ants in the Amazon, which is useful for future studies that aim at using those ants as bioindicators. In addition, the identification of the species made in the present study has special relevance as it contributes to advance the knowledge of poneromorph ant diversity in the Amazon.

scholarly journals The cryptic impacts of invasion: Functional homogenization of tropical ant communities by invasive fire ants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. L. Wong ◽  
Benoit Guénard ◽  
Owen T. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Ant Communities ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Tropical Grasslands ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Functional Identities ◽  
Functional Homogenization

AbstractInvasive insects represent major threats to ecosystems worldwide. Yet their effects on the functional dimension of biodiversity, measured as the diversity and distribution of traits, are overlooked. Such measures often determine the resilience of ecological communities and the ecosystem processes they modulate. The fire ant Solenopsis invicta is a highly problematic invasive species occurring on five continents. Its impacts on the taxonomic diversity of native ant communities have been studied but its impacts on their functional diversity are unknown. Comparing invaded and uninvaded plots in tropical grasslands of Hong Kong, we investigated how the presence of S. invicta affects the diversity and distribution of ant species and traits within and across communities, the functional identities of communities, and functionally unique species. We calculated the functional diversity of individual species, including the trait variation from intraspecific polymorphisms, and scaled up these values to calculate functional diversity at the community level. Invasion had only limited effects on species richness and functional richness, which were 13% and 8.5% lower in invaded communities respectively. In contrast, invasion had pronounced effects on taxonomic and functional composition due to turnover in species and trait values. Furthermore, invaded communities were functionally more homogeneous, displaying 23% less turnover and 56% more redundancy than uninvaded communities, as well as greater clustering and lower divergence in trait values. Invaded communities had fewer functionally-unique individuals and were characterized by ant species with narrower heads and bodies and shorter mandibles. Our results suggest that studies based only on taxonomic measures of diversity or indices describing trait variety risk underestimating the full ramifications of invasions. Investigating the diversity and distributions of traits at species, community and landscape levels can reveal the cryptic impacts of alien species which, despite causing little taxonomic change, may substantially modify the structure and functioning of ecological communities.

scholarly journals Influences of the area, shape and connectivity of coastal lakes on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in Southern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Maria Hartz ◽  
Elise Amador Rocha ◽  
Fernanda Thiesen Brum ◽  
André Luís Luza ◽  
Taís de Fátima Ramos Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Coastal Lakes ◽  
Causal Connections ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Functional Evenness

In this study we investigated the influence of landscape variables on the alpha taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in coastal lakes. We built an analytical framework that included possible causal connections among variables, which we analyzed using path analysis. We obtained landscape metrics for the area, shape and connectivity (estuary connectivity and primary connectivity to neighboring lakes) of 37 coastal lakes in the Tramandaí River Basin. We collected fish data from 49 species using standardized sampling with gillnets and obtained a set of traits related to dispersal abilities and food acquisition. The model that best explained the taxonomic diversity and functional richness took into account the shape of the lakes. Functional richness was also explained by estuary connectivity. Functional evenness and dispersion were not predicted by area or connectivity, but they were influenced by the abundant freshwater species. This indicates that all lakes support most of the regional functional diversity. The results highlight the importance of the dispersal process in this lake system and allow the conclusion that considering multiple diversity dimensions can aid the conservation of local and regional fish communities.

Woody debris volumes and carbon accumulation differ across a chronosequence of boreal red pine and jack pine stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 768-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Allard ◽  
Andrew Park
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Data Set ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Pine Stands

Boreal forests are thought to store more than 30% of the world’s terrestrial carbon (C), much of it in the form of dead wood. Harvesting, stand transformation, and climate change the storage capacity of this carbon pool and improved quantification of C storage is needed to improve the accuracy and coverage of C accounting in Canadian forests. In this study, we compared wood volumes and C storage in coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), and standing dead wood (snags) in a 94-year chronosequence of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands in the Sandilands Provincial Forest, southeastern Manitoba. In our data set of 20 jack pine and 17 red pine stands, jack pine stands supported higher volumes of CWD, snags, and sparsely distributed FWD than red pine stands. Mean CWD volume and C mass were, respectively, 18.6 m3·ha−1 and 2.6 tonnes (t)·ha−1 for jack pine and 11.3 m3·ha−1 and 1.1 t·ha−1 for red pine. Snag volumes and C mass were, respectively, 1.8 m3·ha−1 and 0.25 t·ha−1 for jack pine and 0.26 m3·ha−1 and 0.04 t·ha−1 for red pine. CWD loads in jack pine stands followed a U-shaped distribution with stand age, and snag loads in jack pine increased linearly with time. No such significant trends for CWD or snags were observed in red pine. Our results confirm that stand conversion from fire-origin jack pine to red pine plantations has the potential to significantly reduce and alter temporal patterns of dead wood accumulation across the landscape.

Colonization of Scots, red, and jack pine logs by Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Michigan pine stands

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2238-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W Siegert ◽  
Deborah G McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
North American ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Northern Michigan

We investigated host preference of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in a large-scale field study in 1997 and 1998. This Eurasian pest, first discovered in North America in 1992, is capable of developing and shoot-feeding in many North American pines. We hypothesized, however, that T. piniperda would preferentially colonize Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a Eurasian species, more frequently than North American red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We placed freshly cut Scots, red, and jack pine logs in Scots, red, and jack pine forest stands each year in southwestern Michigan, where T. piniperda populations have been established for several years, and in central and northern Michigan, where T. piniperda populations were low to rare. Following T. piniperda progeny emergence, logs were retrieved and debarked and T. piniperda attack density was determined for each log. Tomicus piniperda colonized 80%–90% of the pine logs in the southwestern Michigan stands compared with 2%–19% of logs in the central Michigan stands. No logs in the northern Michigan stands were colonized by T. piniperda in either year. In the southwestern pine stands, T. piniperda attack densities were significantly greater on Scots pine logs than on jack and red pine logs, regardless of stand species.

scholarly journals Contrasting responses of functional diversity to major losses in taxonomic diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart M. Edie ◽  
David Jablonski ◽  
James W. Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Model System ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Almost All

Taxonomic diversity of benthic marine invertebrate shelf species declines at present by nearly an order of magnitude from the tropics to the poles in each hemisphere along the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), most steeply along the western Pacific where shallow-sea diversity is at its tropical maximum. In the Bivalvia, a model system for macroevolution and macroecology, this taxonomic trend is accompanied by a decline in the number of functional groups and an increase in the evenness of taxa distributed among those groups, with maximum functional evenness (FE) in polar waters of both hemispheres. In contrast, analyses of this model system across the two era-defining events of the Phanerozoic, the Permian–Triassic and Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinctions, show only minor declines in functional richness despite high extinction intensities, resulting in a rise in FE owing to the persistence of functional groups. We hypothesize that the spatial decline of taxonomic diversity and increase in FE along the present-day LDG primarily reflect diversity-dependent factors, whereas retention of almost all functional groups through the two mass extinctions suggests the operation of diversity-independent factors. Comparative analyses of different aspects of biodiversity thus reveal strongly contrasting biological consequences of similarly severe declines in taxonomic diversity and can help predict the consequences for functional diversity among different drivers of past, present, and future biodiversity loss.

scholarly journals Functional diversity of Himalayan bat communities declines at high elevation without the loss of phylogenetic diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Chakravarty ◽  
Ram Mohan ◽  
Christian C. Voigt ◽  
Anand Krishnan ◽  
Viktoriia Radchuk
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Elevational Gradients ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Functional Dispersion ◽  
Functional And Phylogenetic Diversity

AbstractSpecies richness exhibits well-known patterns across elevational gradients in various taxa, but represents only one aspect of quantifying biodiversity patterns. Functional and phylogenetic diversity have received much less attention, particularly for vertebrate taxa. There is still a limited understanding of how functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity change in concert across large gradients of elevation. Here, we focused on the Himalaya—representing the largest elevational gradients in the world—to investigate the patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in a bat assemblage. Combining field data on species occurrence, relative abundance, and functional traits with measures of phylogenetic diversity, we found that bat species richness and functional diversity declined at high elevation but phylogenetic diversity remained unchanged. At the lowest elevation, we observed low functional dispersion despite high species and functional richness, suggesting a niche packing mechanism. The decline in functional richness, dispersion, and divergence at the highest elevation is consistent with patterns observed due to environmental filtering. These patterns are driven by the absence of rhinolophid bats, four congeners with extreme trait values. Our data, some of the first on mammals from the Himalayan region, suggest that in bat assemblages with relatively high species diversity, phylogenetic diversity may not be a substitute to measure functional diversity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Climate and Human Pressures on Functional Diversity and Species Richness Patterns of Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals in Europe

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Mariana A. Tsianou ◽  
Maria Lazarina ◽  
Danai-Eleni Michailidou ◽  
Aristi Andrikou-Charitidou ◽  
Stefanos P. Sgardelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Quadratic Entropy ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality ◽  
Rao’S Quadratic Entropy ◽  
Richness Patterns

The ongoing biodiversity crisis reinforces the urgent need to unravel diversity patterns and the underlying processes shaping them. Although taxonomic diversity has been extensively studied and is considered the common currency, simultaneously conserving other facets of diversity (e.g., functional diversity) is critical to ensure ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Here, we explored the effect of key climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, temperature seasonality, and precipitation seasonality) and factors reflecting human pressures (agricultural land, urban land, land-cover diversity, and human population density) on the functional diversity (functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy) and species richness of amphibians (68 species), reptiles (107 species), and mammals (176 species) in Europe. We explored the relationship between different predictors and diversity metrics using generalized additive mixed model analysis, to capture non-linear relationships and to account for spatial autocorrelation. We found that at this broad continental spatial scale, climatic variables exerted a significant effect on the functional diversity and species richness of all taxa. On the other hand, variables reflecting human pressures contributed significantly in the models even though their explanatory power was lower compared to climatic variables. In most cases, functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy responded similarly to climate and human pressures. In conclusion, climate is the most influential factor in shaping both the functional diversity and species richness patterns of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in Europe. However, incorporating factors reflecting human pressures complementary to climate could be conducive to us understanding the drivers of functional diversity and richness patterns.

Amia cf. pattersoni from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of Alberta

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Grande ◽  
Li Guo-Qing ◽  
Mark VH Wilson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Green River Formation ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Green River ◽  
South Central

A well-prepared anterior half of an amiid skull from the Late Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of south-central Alberta is described. The specimen is either very closely related to, or conspecific with, Amia pattersoni Grande and Bemis, 1998, from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. We leave the specimen as Amia cf. pattersoni until additional material is found to further clarify its relationships. Amia cf. pattersoni is the oldest known specimen clearly identifiable as belonging to the genus Amia (sensu Grande and Bemis, 1998), and the Paskapoo species extends the known geographic range of Amia both northward and westward. The fish assemblage of the Paskapoo Formation represents the most diverse freshwater Paleocene fish fauna known from North America. Based on comparisons of sample size and relative taxonomic diversity to the better known Green River Formation localities of Wyoming, we predict that further collecting will substantially increase the known diversity of the Paskapoo fauna. The Paskapoo Formation, therefore, has great potential to continue adding to the meager knowledge of pre-Eocene freshwater teleost diversity in North America.

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